Confucius Essays (255 words) - Confucianism, Philosophy, Religion

Confucius The life of the incredible instructor and rationalist of China,Confucius was hard for him since his dad passed on when he was just three and he lived with his dad's second wife.He was brought into the world 551 B.C. also, passed on 479 B.C.When he was alive he was an incredible effect on China and it's methods of life.He was naturally introduced to a respectable famliy and was honorable to each and every individual who inquired for something of him and it was either educating or an assignment he would do it on the off chance that it was correct. At the point when Confucius was conceived he had another name,his genuine name was Chung-ni.He was hitched at 19 years old and had one child and two little girls and his mom kicked the bucket at 527 B.C.Confucius in his late life,saidAt,15 I set my heart on learning.At 30,I was immovably established.At 40 I had no more doubts.At 50 I knew the desire of Heaven.At 60 I was prepared to tune in to it.At 70,I could follow my profound longing without violating what is right.When Confucius developed he was at an abnormal tallness and individuals called him long individual. Confucius had in any event 3,000 students and 72 of them aced the 6 expressions - rituals,music ,archery,charioteering,literature and arithmetic. Individuals used to think he was an unrivaled man of wisdom.He additionally asked an arrangement of profound quality and statecraft that would protect harmony and furnish individuals with steady and just governments. Reasoning

Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule Essay Example

Melatonin is a universal atom Essay Presentation Melatonin ( N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine ) is a ubiquitous particle, combined essentially in the pineal secretory organ, auxiliary beginnings are in the retina, the GI real estate parcel, covering, bone marrow and lymphocytes.1 It was principal described after its disengagement from bovid pineal secretory organs and fundamentally distinguished in 1958 by Lerner et al.2 The development of melatonin ( Fig. 1 ) clarifies its decent variety as for its maps. The two practical gatherings characterize the atom s amphiphilitic nature and explicitness of receptor binding.3 Because of melatonin being both lipid and H2O dissolvable, it is non restricted to one cell compartment. Exogenously included melatonin can promptly experience through the blood-cerebrum boundary and be simple dispersed to all subcellular compartments, which makes this particle truly versatile.4 We will compose a custom exposition test on Melatonin is a universal atom explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Melatonin is a universal atom explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Melatonin is a universal atom explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Melatonin has grouped maps ; it is of import as a file of clasp and day of the month and is viewed as the natural structure s sequential pacemaker.1 It is other than known to be an extremely adequate cell reinforcement, has safe improving belongingss, is cytoprotective, has hostile to apoptotic flagging guide each piece great as oncostatic properties.1 The commitment of melatonin in such a wide extent of basic maps in the natural structure makes it pharmacologically a truly fascinating compound, yet melatonin is sold as a supplement addendum and is non-patentable blending to the US FDA as a result. Along these lines melatonergic agonists or melatonin matches that are patentable are of more prominent contribution to the pharmacological industry.5 Pharmacological and additionally organic action Diagram In pinealocytes ( cells of the pineal secretory organ ) tryptophan is changed over to serotonin by means of 5-hydroxytryptophan after which it is acetylated to sort out N-acetylserotonin by arylakylamine N-acetyltransferase ( AA-NAT ) . By the activity of Hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase ( HIOMT ) N-Acetylserotonin can be changed over to melatonin.1 Alternatively, melatonin can be framed by N-acetylation of 5-methoxytryptamine. In many articles AA-NAT is supposed to be the rate-constraining enzyme3,7,8, however it is proposed that HIOMT may be a rate limiting chemical in some cases6. Melatonin biogenesis is for the most part managed by the light/dim mood through the suprachiasmatic karyon ( SCN ) in the nerve center. Specific nerve cells in the eyes react to noticeable radiation and reassign the message to the SCN. The message is transduced in an indirect tract to the pineal secretory organ. Melatonin union is activated by haziness. Norepinephrine is discharged during evening time and teams to beta-adrenergic receptors. This results in camp development lastly incitement of arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase ( AA-NAT ) .7 Extrapineal melatonin is non controlled by circadian beat, by the by and it is theorized that it is delivered as an organization of assurance in light of specific stressors, eg. Bright radiation, poisons, contaminations and so on that may result in oxidative accentuation or inflammation.6 Go arounding melatonin is essentially processed by cytochrome P450 catalysts, CYP1A2, CYP1A1 and CYP2C19 in the liver or CYP1B1 at extrahepatic sites.6 Resulting 6-hydroxymelatonin by CYP1A, CYP1A2 or CYP1B1 can be conjugated with sulfate ( and glucoronide to a lesser degree ) to sort out an increasingly hydrophilic compound, 6-sulfatoxymelatonin ( aMT6S ) , which can be discharged in piss by the kidney.1 CYP2C19 or CYP1A2 are cytochromes engaged with the demethylation of melatonin to N-acetylserotonin. 6-Hydroxymelatonin is non simply shaped through enzymatic offices as expressed above, however close to through the communication of melatonin with receptive O species ( ROS ) and responsive N species ( RNS ) .6 Melatonin can kill free gatherings, ROS and RNS each piece great as animate antioxidative compounds, for example, superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) , catalase ( CAT ) , glutathione peroxidase ( GSH-Px ) and glutathione reductase ( GSH-Rd ) .4,9 Different metabolites of melatonin incorporate 2-hydroxymelatonin, which is hypothesized to be a product of melatonin s response with ROS/RNS,6 each piece great as cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin ( C3-OHM ) , N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine ( AFMK ) and N-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine ( AMK ) . The parent endocrine, melatonin, and its metabolites are of import in shielding cells from hurt by free gatherings and responsive O and receptive N species. Melatonin transformation by cytochrome P450 chemicals Pineal melatonin is used to 6-hydroxymelatonin mainly and it was discovered that CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1 and CYP2C19 are the chemicals answerable for the creation of this metabolite.1,6,10 Melatonin can other than be changed over into N-acetylserotonin which is other than a forerunner for its blend ( fig.1 ) 1. Both 6-hydroxymelatonin and N-acetylserotonin can be discharged in the piss after intersection with sulfate and additionally glucoronide. A review led by Facciola et Al. ( 2001 ) 11 decided CYP1A2 to be the central cytochrome P450 protein answerable for 6-hydroxylation of melatonin. In a review that was directed by Ma et Al. ( 2005 ) 10, melatonin 6-hydroxylation and O-demethylation rates were estimated to gauge the conceivable capacity of 11 cDNA-communicated human cytochrome P450 catalysts in melatonin transformation ( figure 2 ) 10. It was discovered that 6-hydroxylation was predominantly done by CYP1A2, CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 and to a lesser degree CYP2C19 ( fig.2 A ) wherease O-demethylation happened about mostly because of the activity of CYP2C19 and to a negligible evaluation by CYP1A2 ( fig.2 B ) . Inhibitory activity of melatonin on human cytochrome P450 compounds CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 In an ongoing study by Chang et Al. ( 2010 ) 12 the speculation that melatonin represses synergist action of CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 alongside CYP2A6 was tried, alongside its result on the difference in human CYP1 cistron look and on the action of the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor ( AhR ) . A significant result could turn out utile during dangerous neoplastic infection treatment since these compounds were seen as procarcinogen-bioactivating proteins of benzo [ a ] pyrene or 7,12-dimethyl-benz [ a ] anthracene. Hindrance of look or lessening in reactant movement of these cytochrome P450 isozymes may chop down the creation of cancer-causing metabolites from these substrates. As depicted in the old region, melatonin is used by CYPs 1A1, 1A2 and 1B1. In this way, its severe outcome might be because of it viing with the procarcinogenic substrate for the proteins dynamic locales, in spite of the fact that the specific system of concealment is not well characterized. The review referenced that endogenous melatonin does non practice oppressive impacts and resultingly a pharmacological power in creating equals of melatonin that might smother these compounds and forestall CYP1 interceded carcinogenesis is created.12 Movement of melatonin with AhR and melatonin s outcome on CYP1 cistron look was seen as undistinguished. Fluvoxamine and melatonin Fluvoxamine ( FLU ) , an energizer, was found to expand serum melatonin degrees and a study was led by von Bahr et Al. ( 2000 ) 13 to discover whether citalopram ( CIT ) other than influences these degrees. The article reasoned that CIT in actuality does non hold a similar result as FLU does. It did by the by set up an away from between the degrees of melatonin and convergences of FLU in the plasma of the subjects.13 Influenza is an inhibitor of CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 and in this manner keeps these proteins from utilizing melatonin into its metabolites ; resultantly an expansion in the degrees of serum melatonin was seen. Melatonin as a free fanatic scrounger and cell reinforcement Melatonin and its metabolites have the conceivable to move as free fanatic foragers and can kill receptive O species ( ROS ) and responsive N species ( RNS ) each piece great as up-control antioxidative catalysts, superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) , catalase ( CAT ) , glutathione peroxidase ( GSH-Px ) and glutathione reductase ( GSH-Rd ) .4 The free fanatic dioxide ( O2-) can be created because of cell breath, because of natural components or oxidative blast of macrophages. The harmfulness of the O2-is viewed as low 9 yet on the off chance that it responds with azotic oxide ( NO†¢ ) it can deliver ONOO-fit for making atomic mischief. Turf changes over dioxide to hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2 ) which is non really a free gathering, however in the event that non catabolised to compose H2O and O2 by means of CAT or to H2O by means of GSH-Px, can be processed to the exceptionally poisonous hydroxyl radical ( †¢OH ) . As can be found in the figure, this free gathering can welcome on DNA hurt, lipid peroxidation or make mischief to proteins. Melatonin can be changed over into a metabolite cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin when it responds with two hydroxyl gatherings, which has been seen as discharged in the urine.1,9 An AFMK tract ( figure 5 ) 1 other than exists that is apparent equipped for rummaging up to 10 ROS/RNS.6 AFMK and AMK are ground-breaking free radical scroungers and safeguards against oxidative accentuation, yet next to has calming and immunoregulatory impacts by smothering tumor embarrassment factor-alpha ( TNFa ) and interleukin-8 arrangement ( IL-8 ) and union of prostaglandins.6 The main metabolite of melatonin, 6-hydroxymelatonin, can other than be created in melatonin s response with ROS/RNS, each piece great as another melatonin metabolite, 2-hydroxymelatonin.6 Melatonin and its chronobio

Students Still Read Bradburys Fahrenheit 451

Students Still Read Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 HBO’s enticing trailer for its upcoming film Fahrenheit 451, adapted from Ray Bradbury’s dystopian classic novel, appears to adhere closely to the book. There is the fireman Montag, the book’s hero, at the beginning of the tale, as he completes fireman’s duties of setting fires to the homes of anyone who harbors books, claiming in a daze, “I love to burn.” And then there is Montag, the viewer feeling his terror and fear as he hurtles through the city’s rain-slicked streets trying to escape certain doom after he confronts his authoritarian society. These scenes from the trailer are an enticing tease: the brooding music and stylish noir science fiction settings of Fahrenheit 451 are dominated by hanging television screens with a calm male voice repeatedly saying, “Yes, a little knowledge is a harmful thing.” This is Fahrenheit 451: one of the seminal books of the twentieth century that presents a chilling cautionary tale regarding a society that foregoes reading and knowledge in favor of non-stop television entertainment that lulls a person into a contented complacency. Published in 1953, Bradbury’s eerie prescience on the rampant abuse of television remains remarkable. The book is often placed alongside George Orwell’s 1984 and Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World as foretellers of a totalitarian future that we are in danger of bringing to fruition. In these days of the current president of the United States calling for a book to be banned simply because it makes him uncomfortable and these days of that same president being proud of his illiteracy, the need for Fahrenheit 451 is needed now more than ever. But are young people reading? Is Fahrenheit 451 doomed to be burnt at some future time because the next generations have rejected learningâ€"simply because such learning might make them uncomfortable and discontent? Two years ago, when the Los Angeles Public Library chose Fahrenheit 451 as their City-wide Book Club choice, I participated with the highest glee shared by the most enthusiastic Book Rioters.When I received my complimentary copy of Fahrenheit 451, courtesy of the L.A. Public Library, the Palms-Rancho Park Branch, which was also my childhood library refuge and also the branch library of Ray Bradbury himself, I realized the synchronicity. I would be in a Fahrenheit 451 book discussion held in the Ray Bradbury Conference Room at Ray Bradbury’s neighborhood library that he frequented for nearly sixty of his ninety-one years. I was certain that the Palms-Rancho Park librarian, Maggie L. Johnson, would also have good stories about Bradbury since he was a fixture at the L.A. Public libraries. I always wanted to know more about Bradbury and also to ask another burning question of the English middle-school teacher, Jennifer Hunter, who would also serve a discussion facilitator. Ms. Hunter’s white jacket, uniquely painted in reds and golds and yellows, ornately sequined and picturing Montag and the Salamander and books burning and falling, was an unmistakable homage to Bradbury’s novel. That stellar jacket answered most of my questions about students reading Fahrenheit 451 and showing any enthusiasm for reading itself. The jacket was one student’s art project for the novel. Ms. Hunter also described various mixed media projects her students had done with great enthusiasm after reading the book. For her studentsâ€"at a public urban middle school where nearly half of the students live near the poverty lineâ€"Fahrenheit 451 has remained one of the all-time favorite books, as it has for secondary students nationwide. Fahrenheit 451 is a perennial favorite to  read and teach. Students become readers when the material they are given reflect parts of their everyday lives. Bradbury’s prescience on the possibilities of technology is one lure for the student reader. Montag’s wife Mildred will only reluctantly remove her prized seashell headphones to disconnect from the television, and on the few occasions when she does, Mildred makes sure to say a heartfelt goodbye to her family, aka characters on the television. The urban public school student is more likely to relate to Montag’s book burning futuristic society, replete with mechanical dogs and the teenagers’ deadly car games, than the alienated interior monologues of prep school student Holden Caulfield from J.D. Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye. The tremendous television sets that dominate Fahrenheit 451 reflect our own apathy and indifferenceâ€"which allows governments to wage endless wars without any public input. Our technology has begun to consume usâ€"just as it had in Mildred’s cloistered world. What happens when our world is threatened? For Montag, it meant inevitable escape from his world after Mildred’s unhappiness had her picking up the phone to report the cause of her distress: her husband read a poem to her from an actual book. For teachers, themes of technological encroachment and our relationships within that society lend itself to myriad essay  and mixed media projects: Have Smartphones replaced boredom? Is that good? Is Social Media making you less social? If you knew your neighbor (and good friend) was hiding books, would you report him to the authorities? Students at this critical age, on the verge of becoming lifelong readers and learners, begin with Fahrenheit 451.  Bradbury’s masterpiece gives a perpetual light for the here and now and for the future to connect books and people. Just one more facet of the teaching strengths of Fahrenheit 451: for many of the public school students, reading Fahrenheit 451 is the first time they are introduced to Aristotle, Dickens, and Tolstoy. Fahrenheit 451 is about us: the citizens who would much rather relinquish their rights to an open society for the realization of constant gratification and conformity. George Orwell’s  1984  utilized television screens to dominate and indoctrinate their citizens; in these same outsized television screens are an opiate: the citizenry would much rather be soothed. Television keeps one from thinking at all. For sixty of his nearly ninety-one years, Bradbury would leave his modest pastel-yellow house and visit Palms Rancho-Park Branch. Bradbury was nearly blind and wheelchair-bound in his last few years, but as soon as he was in front of his library audience, Bradbury became electric and fully alive; a perpetual force of brilliance as he told his tales. One place to ensure a reading future is to value librariesâ€"fund them and use them. The public libraries are where Bradbury received his education after graduating in 1938 from Los Angeles High School. He devoured the classics and contemporary writers. Bradbury’s distress over the book burning at the ancient Alexandria library made a tremendous impact on his work. For Bradbury, who perceived the public library as the homes of thousands of authors: behind each book on all those shelves was a human being. To burn the book was to burn a human being. To burn a human being is to deny our own humanity. So, after that trip to the library and a few hours spent reading, be sure to watch the HBO film adaptation. The colors and sound will astound you, but it is with words that we begin to change ourselves and the world. Sign up to Swords Spaceships to  receive news and recommendations from the world of science fiction and fantasy.

Students Still Read Bradburys Fahrenheit 451

Students Still Read Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 HBO’s enticing trailer for its upcoming film Fahrenheit 451, adapted from Ray Bradbury’s dystopian classic novel, appears to adhere closely to the book. There is the fireman Montag, the book’s hero, at the beginning of the tale, as he completes fireman’s duties of setting fires to the homes of anyone who harbors books, claiming in a daze, “I love to burn.” And then there is Montag, the viewer feeling his terror and fear as he hurtles through the city’s rain-slicked streets trying to escape certain doom after he confronts his authoritarian society. These scenes from the trailer are an enticing tease: the brooding music and stylish noir science fiction settings of Fahrenheit 451 are dominated by hanging television screens with a calm male voice repeatedly saying, “Yes, a little knowledge is a harmful thing.” This is Fahrenheit 451: one of the seminal books of the twentieth century that presents a chilling cautionary tale regarding a society that foregoes reading and knowledge in favor of non-stop television entertainment that lulls a person into a contented complacency. Published in 1953, Bradbury’s eerie prescience on the rampant abuse of television remains remarkable. The book is often placed alongside George Orwell’s 1984 and Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World as foretellers of a totalitarian future that we are in danger of bringing to fruition. In these days of the current president of the United States calling for a book to be banned simply because it makes him uncomfortable and these days of that same president being proud of his illiteracy, the need for Fahrenheit 451 is needed now more than ever. But are young people reading? Is Fahrenheit 451 doomed to be burnt at some future time because the next generations have rejected learningâ€"simply because such learning might make them uncomfortable and discontent? Two years ago, when the Los Angeles Public Library chose Fahrenheit 451 as their City-wide Book Club choice, I participated with the highest glee shared by the most enthusiastic Book Rioters.When I received my complimentary copy of Fahrenheit 451, courtesy of the L.A. Public Library, the Palms-Rancho Park Branch, which was also my childhood library refuge and also the branch library of Ray Bradbury himself, I realized the synchronicity. I would be in a Fahrenheit 451 book discussion held in the Ray Bradbury Conference Room at Ray Bradbury’s neighborhood library that he frequented for nearly sixty of his ninety-one years. I was certain that the Palms-Rancho Park librarian, Maggie L. Johnson, would also have good stories about Bradbury since he was a fixture at the L.A. Public libraries. I always wanted to know more about Bradbury and also to ask another burning question of the English middle-school teacher, Jennifer Hunter, who would also serve a discussion facilitator. Ms. Hunter’s white jacket, uniquely painted in reds and golds and yellows, ornately sequined and picturing Montag and the Salamander and books burning and falling, was an unmistakable homage to Bradbury’s novel. That stellar jacket answered most of my questions about students reading Fahrenheit 451 and showing any enthusiasm for reading itself. The jacket was one student’s art project for the novel. Ms. Hunter also described various mixed media projects her students had done with great enthusiasm after reading the book. For her studentsâ€"at a public urban middle school where nearly half of the students live near the poverty lineâ€"Fahrenheit 451 has remained one of the all-time favorite books, as it has for secondary students nationwide. Fahrenheit 451 is a perennial favorite to  read and teach. Students become readers when the material they are given reflect parts of their everyday lives. Bradbury’s prescience on the possibilities of technology is one lure for the student reader. Montag’s wife Mildred will only reluctantly remove her prized seashell headphones to disconnect from the television, and on the few occasions when she does, Mildred makes sure to say a heartfelt goodbye to her family, aka characters on the television. The urban public school student is more likely to relate to Montag’s book burning futuristic society, replete with mechanical dogs and the teenagers’ deadly car games, than the alienated interior monologues of prep school student Holden Caulfield from J.D. Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye. The tremendous television sets that dominate Fahrenheit 451 reflect our own apathy and indifferenceâ€"which allows governments to wage endless wars without any public input. Our technology has begun to consume usâ€"just as it had in Mildred’s cloistered world. What happens when our world is threatened? For Montag, it meant inevitable escape from his world after Mildred’s unhappiness had her picking up the phone to report the cause of her distress: her husband read a poem to her from an actual book. For teachers, themes of technological encroachment and our relationships within that society lend itself to myriad essay  and mixed media projects: Have Smartphones replaced boredom? Is that good? Is Social Media making you less social? If you knew your neighbor (and good friend) was hiding books, would you report him to the authorities? Students at this critical age, on the verge of becoming lifelong readers and learners, begin with Fahrenheit 451.  Bradbury’s masterpiece gives a perpetual light for the here and now and for the future to connect books and people. Just one more facet of the teaching strengths of Fahrenheit 451: for many of the public school students, reading Fahrenheit 451 is the first time they are introduced to Aristotle, Dickens, and Tolstoy. Fahrenheit 451 is about us: the citizens who would much rather relinquish their rights to an open society for the realization of constant gratification and conformity. George Orwell’s  1984  utilized television screens to dominate and indoctrinate their citizens; in these same outsized television screens are an opiate: the citizenry would much rather be soothed. Television keeps one from thinking at all. For sixty of his nearly ninety-one years, Bradbury would leave his modest pastel-yellow house and visit Palms Rancho-Park Branch. Bradbury was nearly blind and wheelchair-bound in his last few years, but as soon as he was in front of his library audience, Bradbury became electric and fully alive; a perpetual force of brilliance as he told his tales. One place to ensure a reading future is to value librariesâ€"fund them and use them. The public libraries are where Bradbury received his education after graduating in 1938 from Los Angeles High School. He devoured the classics and contemporary writers. Bradbury’s distress over the book burning at the ancient Alexandria library made a tremendous impact on his work. For Bradbury, who perceived the public library as the homes of thousands of authors: behind each book on all those shelves was a human being. To burn the book was to burn a human being. To burn a human being is to deny our own humanity. So, after that trip to the library and a few hours spent reading, be sure to watch the HBO film adaptation. The colors and sound will astound you, but it is with words that we begin to change ourselves and the world. Sign up to Swords Spaceships to  receive news and recommendations from the world of science fiction and fantasy.

Privateering and its Impact on the American Revolution

Privateering and Its Impact on the American Revolution Emma Utesch History 201-122 September 18, 2012 In the 1700s, a privateer was someone who was mandated by the government to attack ships from abroad during war time. 1During the Revolutionary War, privateer ships would receive Letters of Marque, a decree that authorized ships to act on behalf of the nations from which they were issued for the purpose of retaliating against another nation for some wrong such as border incursion. The Continental Congress of the United†¦show more content†¦There are also several people that joined the privateer movement that were younger and wouldn’t have been let in the Navy. An example of is James Forten, an African American who joined the crew on the privateering ship the Royal Lewis when he was fourteen as a powder boy.5 He was given this opportunity because the privateers did not have as many restrictions on clientele as the Navy did; it is highly probable that James Forten would not have been able to join the Continental Navy because of his age and his race. Forten invented a new type of sail that was better for maneuvering and for maintaining higher speeds for a longer stretch of time. Even though he did not patent his product, it became the most widely used and prosperous sail in Philadelphia. James Forten’s innovations involving sails have influenced sailing technologies even to this day. The fortune he made by doing this was substantial for any man, black or white. After his privateering days, he devoted more than half of his fortune to abolitionist causes. He frequently purchases slaves freedom, opened his home as an Underground Railroad Depot, and started a school for black children. Overall, American privateer ships overtook and raided roughly 600 British ships duringShow MoreRelatedThe Growth And Transformation Of A Continent1811 Words   |  8 PagesShaabain Carmen Muà ±oz-Schira, M.A. Modern World History 3/19/2015 Revolution in Europe Introduction The growth and transformation of a continent is based on social, economic, and political reforms. This paper discusses Europe’s political, social, economic, and especially religious developments of the 15th and 16th centuries, the formation of England during the reign of Elizabeth 1, Luther’s reformed Christianity, scientific revolution, and the enlightment in Europe and the United States. It focusesRead MoreAmerican Revolution and Study Guide Essay example5377 Words   |  22 PagesTo what extent had the Massachusetts Bay colonists endorsed the idea of the â€Å"separation of church and state?† (10pts) 4. To what extent was the New England Confederation a first step toward colonial unity? (10 pts) Chapter 4 Study Guide â€Å"American Life, 1607-1692† 1. Compare and contrast the colonies of New England and the South based on the following: a. Economies b. Geography climate c. Mortality rate d. Sex ratios e. Family relationships/profiles (30pts) 2. Define indentured servitudeRead MoreMing Dynasty and B. Warehouses. C. Essay4779 Words   |  20 Pagesvariety of fibers. 11. During the Heian period, Japan: a. enjoyed a period of stable, centralized political rule. b. had an alliance of local potentates and military commanders that overthrew the Heian aristocrats. c. had a peasant revolution led by Lady Murasaki Shikibu demanding land reform. d. had to seek alternative food sources due to the collapse of rice production. e. developed multiple sources of political and cultural power that were often at odds with each other. Read MoreNational Security Outline Essay40741 Words   |  163 Pages(Difficult to define) -Safety from foreign coercion or intimidation -UN Charter Article 2(4) - prohibition against â€Å"the threat or use of force against the political independence or territorial integrity of any state† Analytical Tasks: How Americans Think About National Security -Identifying Values: What is at Stake? (What are we trying to protect) -Territory -Traditional views of national security center around defending territory -Protecting homeland not a major concern until after

The Definition Of Art As An Art Essay - 1155 Words

The definition of art seems to be somewhat of a blurry line for many. What some may consider art, is just trash to others. What looks to some people like blotchy colors on a piece of canvas, may look to others like an elegant master piece beaming with life. Everyone sees art through a different set of lenses. Looking at art sometimes takes a good imagination. One person may interpret what the creation was intended to be, but often it is a different interpretation from what another person may say. Webster s dictionary gives the definition of art as â€Å"an activity (as painting, music, or writing) whose purpose is making things that are beautiful to look at, listen to, or read†. (Webster Dictionary). That definition seems to leave some things out that are currently considered art. What can art vaguely be defined as, â€Å"the idea may be about anything, from gender to technology, social issues, religion, and even perception itself. And it doesn’t matter if the o bject or idea has any sense of beauty at all.† (Ford Crull). Art is a hard thing to give a specific definition to because there is always going to be some new form of art that will mix up whatever definition is given to the word art. Many have their own opinion on the matter of what art is and what art is not. Although there are many opinions, most seem to settle with art being a subjective subject that mean different things to different people. Art is something perceived through life experiences,Show MoreRelated Original Definition of Art Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pages My definition of art is imagination and passion expressed by creating a visual feature. I consider art to be a figurative of the imagination because everything starts with thought. People create life by thinking of ways to develop; this then creates art. It is as simple as watching a child draw a picture. I can recall imagining a picture in my head and expressing my thoughts on paper. 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The aesthetic definition of art describes art as a vehicle (Carroll, 1999) for aesthetic experience. Therefore art is only really an artwork if it triggers aesthetic responses and experiences for its audience. In other words, art is defined through aesthetics; and aesthetic experiences. There are a number of crucial elements which must be explained in order to accountRead MoreDefinition And Concepts Of Art And Science Of Nursing2271 Words   |  10 Pagesprofession. In this paper I will discuss the following: the definition and concepts of art and science of nursing, how each of these concepts affects nursing practice based on literature, relate how they influence my current personal practice, identify the influences on the changing health care environment, and examine how my nursing practice has changed in the last five years. I will also discuss the strategies I have used to apply the art and science of nursing in my practice and identify the approach

Types Of Ideologies And Practices For Successful Project...

Part One During the course I learned various types of ideologies and practices for successful project managing. I may not be an expert, although I feel more knowledgeable and aware of how to manage projects effectively. There were six areas of project managing that I found to be very crucial to the success of completing projects and managing teams. The Priority: It was a tremendous eye opener, learning about how to prioritize the task within a team. I am completely guilty of usually wanting to knock out the easiest task first and save the challenging task for last. I learned the importance of tackling the easy projects last, consequently they do not require using up valuable resources and time. Projects that we are not familiar with or†¦show more content†¦Due to the nature of my job in the military, I often need more information than was provided to me. Why would I possess a top-secret clearance, if I am not worthy of information that is crucial to the mission. The military on occasion has that mentality that you are on a need to know basis. The reality is that it is their way of manipulating and controlling the mission. Experiencing this on a daily basis was extremely aggravating. I would have been more empathetic and better prepared for the task if I was provided all the information instead of receiving small pieces along the way. Managing task: I have always heard about the fifteen-minute stand up meetings throughout my business courses. I have never had a project leader or manager that utilizes a stand up meeting in the beginning of the day or shift. Devin Dean explains how you can manage your team’s task daily without micromanaging. I agree you should review your project schedule daily to ensure that there is no surprises. The stand up meetings are a great way of keeping people on track and informed. I thought it was undoubtedly interesting that he brings up a valid issue with checking in with team members using email or phone calls. This gives the person the ability to blow you off or say what needs to be said to draw you off his back. I agree with Devin since I have had experience blowing off superiors with an email. Checking in on what s going on throughout your

Strict Liability free essay sample

Topics in Criminal Law May 25, 2010 Abstract Strict liability crimes require no culpable mental state and present a significant exception to the principle that all crimes require a conjunction of action and mens rea. Strict liability offenses make it a crime simply to do something, even if the offender has no intention of violating the law or causing the resulting harm. Strict liability is based philosophically on the presumption that causing harm is in itself blameworthy regardless of the actor’s intent (Schmalleger, Hall Dolatowski, 2010). Strict liability crimes require no culpable mental state and present a significant exception to the principle that all crimes require a conjunction of action and mens rea. Strict liability offenses make it a crime simply to do something, even if the offender has no intention of violating the law or causing the resulting harm. Strict liability is based philosophically on the presumption that causing harm is in itself blameworthy regardless of the actor’s intent (Schmalleger, Hall Dolatowski, 2010). Mens area is the mental aspect of criminal law; it can be easily summarized as the idea of motive. A guilty mind in isolation doesn’t necessarily make him/her criminally guilty. There are essentially four different kinds of Mens rea, intention, where it was planned. Knowledge, negligence and recklessness are the other circumstances where an individual can be describe as being guilty of the mind(Simons, 1997). Criminal liability is what unlocks the logical structure of the Criminal Law. Each element of a crime that the prosecutor needs to prove (beyond a reasonable doubt) is a principle of criminal liability. There are some crimes that only involve a subset of all the principles of liability, and these are called crimes of criminal conduct. Burglary, for example, is such a crime because all you need to prove beyond a reasonable doubt is an actus reus concurring with a mens rea. There are crimes that involve all the principles of liability, and these are called true crimes. Homicide, is such a crime because you need to prove actus reus, mens rea, concurrence, causation, and harm. The requirement that the prosecutor must prove each element of criminal liability beyond a reasonable doubt is called the corpus delicti rule(Simons, 1997). Strict criminal liability is understood as criminal liability that does not require the defendant to possess a culpable state of mind. Modern criminal codes typically include as possible culpable states of mind the defendants intention to bring about a prohibited result, her belief that such a result will follow or that a prohibited circumstance will exist, her recklessness as to such a result or circumstance, or her negligence with respect to such a result or circumstance. Strict criminal liability, then, is simply liability in the absence of intention, belief, recklessness, or negligence(Simons, 1997). We must also distinguish between strict liability with respect to a result element of an offense and strict liability with respect to a circumstance element. Felony-murder, in its most severe form, is an example of strict liability with respect to a result-specifically, a death resulting from commission of the felony. The felon will be liable for the resulting death as if he had intended it, even if there is no proof of intent, or of any culpability. Statutory rape is a common example of strict liability with respect to a circumstance-specifically, the circumstance of whether the female victim is below the statutory age. A defendant can be guilty of statutory rape even if there is no proof that he believed, or reasonably should have believed, that she was below the statutory age. Thus, strict liabilities encompass both liabilities for faultless accidents and for faultless mistakes(Simons, 1997). Strict liability can also refer, not to lack of culpability with respect to a result or a circumstance, but to lack of culpable conduct. That is, the actus reus of the crime might specify and prohibit certain conduct (whether action or omission) by the defendant. For example, a prohibition on driving an automobile above the statutory speed limit can be understood as imposing strict liability, insofar as it is irrelevant that the defendant did not have reason to know that she was traveling at that speed(Simons, 1997). Strict liability leads to conviction of persons who are, morally speaking, innocent. Therefore convicting and punishing those who do not deserve it perpetrates a serious wrong. Thus some argue that strict liability is a misuse of the criminal law an institution which, should be reserved only for the regulation of serious wrongs done by culpable wrongdoers. It does not follow, however, that all types of strict liability offences are wrong. In particular, there are reasons for thinking that strict liability may be legitimate in non-stigmatic regulatory offences, there are many reasons that can be considered in t essay but the focus will be on public protection(Simester and Sullivan, 2003). From another perspective the public gains greater protection from pollution. Moreover, there are likely to be fewer instances of the actus Reus when doing so is prohibited on a strict-liability basis, because the use of strict liability tends to encourage a higher level of precautions by potential defendants. As Lord Salmon stated : strict liability encourages riparian factory owners not only to take reasonable steps to prevent pollution but to do everything possible to ensure that they do not cause it Alphacell Ltd v. Woodward [1972]. Another case that reinforces this point is Donovan J, in St Margarets Trust Ltd [1958]. There would be little point in enacting that no one should breach the defenses against a flood, and at the same time excusing any one who did it innocently. The proposition that strict liability increases deterrence is implicit in one of the most common arguments given for abandoning a full mens rea requirement, that protection of the public sometimes requires a high standard of care on the part of those who undertake potential risk creating activities(Simester and Sullivan, 2003). There is however a dark side to the concept of strict liability. One of the main principles of criminal law is that a person should only be liable if they are at fault in some way, nevertheless imposition of strict liability contravenes this principle as people can be guilty of a criminal act whilst having no real fault. A case that illustrates this well is Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Storkwain Ltd 1986. Here a pharmacists conviction was upheld for supplying drugs without a valid prescription, even though he did not know the signature was forged. Strict liability then can be argued as an unjust method of enforcement for certain crimes, resulting in the innocent being labeled as the guilty(Simester and Sullivan, 2003). On a corporate perspective the need for effective regulation and prosecution of corporate defendants could alternatively be met by a negligence-based standard. Proof of negligence can be established without reference to the companys mental state, because negligence is based on conduct. It is, true that negligence necessitates that the prosecution establishes an actus reus by an employee that can be attributed to the company but the same constraint applies to strict liability, in finding who was strictly liable(Simester and Sullivan, 2003). References Roe, D. (2005) Criminal Law 3rd edition Schmalleger, Hall Dolatowski (2010). Criminal Law Today Simester and Sullivan, Criminal Law: Theory and Doctrine (2nd ed. , 2003) Simons, Kenneth( 1997). When is strict criminal liability just? Journal of Criminal Law Criminology. Chicago: Summer1997. Vol. 87, Iss. 4; pg. 1075, 63 pgs Smith and Hogan(1999). Criminal law cases and materials 7th edition (1999) Storey T. and Lidbury(2004) Criminal law

Gnostic Jesus Essays - Coptic Literature, Christology, Gnosticism

Gnostic Jesus Gnostic writings of Jesus portray him as a heavenly redeemer made less of flesh than of spirit. The emphasis of Jesus' importance is not on his physical humanness but rather, on his ability to show people the way to the kingdom. Jesus put on flesh in order to give people gnosis and reveal to them where they come from and where they will eventually return. When it is time for Jesus to return to his heavenly home, he is crucified and resurrected before he finally ascends. His body's lack of importance in some Gnostic texts gives this series of events a different connotation than other versions of the story more common today. The Gnostic understanding of Jesus gives us better knowledge of what will happen to us when we leave the body and world in which we are currently trapped. This understanding also gives us insights into the realm in which we belong. The lack of concern for the body is also connected with the Gnostic view that anything that happens on this earth or in this realm is i rrelevant. I will argue that the issue of flesh is very significant in some Gnostic views of Jesus, citing examples from selected Gnostic texts including, the Gospel of Thomas, the Second Treatise of the Great Seth, Hypostasis of the Archons, the Gospel of Mary, the Gospel of Truth, the Treatise on the Resurrection and the Hymn of the Pearl. Most Gnostic books show Christ to be of heavenly origin. The books either explicitly say that he is from the father and heaven above or imply it by saying that he descended into earth. He is part of the ?heavenly triad with the Father and the Mother?(Franzmann, 39). In the Second Treatise of the Great Seth, the author who is supposedly Christ says, I am from above the heavens (Ehrman, 231). He is also sometimes described as a heavenly light, I am the light which is above all of them: I am All. The All came forth from me and the All reached me (G of Th., v.77). Many people, however, look at Christ's incarnation in different ways. According to some Gnostic thought Christ comes to our earth and puts on Jesus' human body so that he may walk among us. I visited a bodily dwelling (Ehrman, 231). Some of the Gnostic writings show Jesus as an earthly being with a heavenly nature, while others show Jesus as a purely heavenly being with a lack of earthly context. In the Second Treatise of the Great Seth, Christ's incarnation was into Jesus' body in which he cast out the original occupier (Franzmann, 75). Christ's arrival on earth in the Gospel of Thomas is described in a docetistic way, I stood in the midst of the world, and I appeared to them in flesh (G. of Th, v.28). He is said to appear to them in flesh only in outward appearance (Franzmann, 78). The Gospel of Truth describes Jesus as a fruit of knowledge that when eaten gives people gnosis (Ehrman, 161). This Gnostic text shows Christ as a revealer. He is referred to as the book or logos, which reveals to us all that is unknown (Ehrman, 162). He put on the book, was nailed to a tree and published the edict of the father on the cross (Ehrman, 162). These actions say that by dying on the cross, which in this text is not in flesh, he is helping people receive gnosis. Many Gnostic views have implied a hatred of the body. The body is what is keeping people from realizing their origin (G. of Thomas, v.29). For Christ to have a human body seems strange because he has gnosis. Woe to the flesh which depends on the soul; woe to the soul which depends on the flesh (G of Th, v.112). According to the Hypostasis of the Archons, the body is just a shell for the spirit. Locked within the material shell of the human race is the spark of this highest spiritual reality which (as one Gnostic theory held) the inept creator accidentally infused into humanity at the creation -- on the order of a drunken jeweler who accidentally mixes gold

Project risk management

Project risk management Introduction Risk management can be described as the proactive management against the possibility of loss. The concept involves the identification of key risk areas and the formulation of possible strategies that can be used to lower the probability of occurrence of the risk, or reduce the potential losses (Crockford 1986, 12; Dorfman 2007, 10).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Project risk management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sometimes risks may also be positive, for instance the risk of completing a project before its scheduled completion date. Management therefore has the task of coming up with an action plan that will guide on the procedures to follow in the event of positive or negative risks (Gorrod 2004, 23). A basic project risk management program involves risk management planning, identification and assessment of risks, risk response planning and monitoring and control of risks and strategies. The ris k management process involves the initial planning phase, whereby management decides on how the process will be carried out. Decisions made include the general approach in the project risk management process, and how management intends to execute key activities in the process (Conrow 2003, 21). Once a suitable plan has been selected, the management team has the task of identifying all potential risks that may have an impact on the project (Delvin 2006, 41). The planning process group has a role to play in the identification of these risks, as well as analyzing the effects of these risks on the project’s objectives. Risk assessment involves the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the identified risks, which are carried out by the process planning group. Qualitative risk analysis looks at the probability of occurrence of the risk event, and the potential impact on the project’s objectives. Quantification revolves the determination of the impact of each of the identi fied risks, and the prioritization of the risks according to their severity and probability of occurrence (Chapman, Ward and Ward 2003, 3; Capman 2005, 32). This can be done through a project risk map which categorizes risks according to their level of consequence and probability of occurrence (Fink 2002, 35; Chapman, Ward and Ward 2002, 74).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Risk response planning evaluates the options available to management in handling various types of risks (Kendrick 2003, 2009). Risk response planning is also carried out by the planning process team. There are four basic methods of dealing with risks; avoidance, transfer, mitigation and risk acceptance. Risk avoidance implies strategies used to completely steer clear of risky activities. Management may decide to change suppliers for a particular material so as to avoid the risks posed by contra cting one supplier. Risk transfer means transferring the burden of the risk to someone else, hence making them responsible for the resulting loss. A classic method of risk transfer is through insurance (Harvard Business School 2004, 23). Alternatively management may establish contracts that make vendors accountable for a specific risky portion of the overall project (Heerkens 2007, 100). By choosing to mitigate risks, the project managers will undertake processes that seek to lessen the possibility of the risk, or reducing the impact of such a risk (Wang 2000, 63). Where the payoff resulting from an activity outweighs the potential losses, the planning process team may conclude that such a risk could be accepted. The final step in the risk planning process is risk control (Weel, Lindenaar and Kinderen 2004, 47). This involves constant monitoring of the identified risks in order to ascertain the effectiveness of the chosen risk management strategies (Royer 2001, 39). Periodical risk reviews are important for this function since a change in the status of a risk may warrant a change in strategy (Lientz and Larsen 2006, 29). The risk status indicates the probability and severity of a risk, as indicated in the project risk map. Regular reviews will also point out risks that have passed and identify new risks that management should concentrate on. Key strategic considerations Top management support is crucial for every aspect of the project, more so in risk management (Regester and Larkin 2002, 67). This will ensure timely decision making processes and overall support for the planning process group.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Project risk management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through effective cooperation and coordination, organizational constraints can be removed, thereby making the risk management process smooth (Apgar 2006, 41; Cooper 2005; 73; Blyth 2009, 103). Management support wil l ensure efficient allocation of resources and efficient policy decisions. With upper management support in place, other strategic considerations are enabled (Martin 2004, 63). Stakeholder support is also necessary for the success of any given project. Project stakeholders, including the project management team and the client, need to agree on viable risk management strategies that will reduce the negative risks for both parties. Agreements could focus on realistic deadlines for the entirety of the schedule (Curtin, Hayman and Hussein 2005; 88). Project managers face the task of meeting completion phases in time, and may compromise on quality checks in order to get approval from the client, resulting into higher risks on the performance of the completed project (Lock 1996, 45; 2003; 63; 2007; 94). Communication between the two parties proves to be beneficial if talks are objective. Availability of resources is a major challenge for all project managers, whereby managers compete for labor, money and time with other projects. With top management support, the project management team will be able to define priority areas across all processes and make sure that crucial projects are not affected by the competition for resources. Crucial projects are those that are aligned with the overall objectives and targets of the organization. Lack of stakeholder involvement during the planning process may lead to unclear goals for the project management team (Pickerton 2003; 74), hence the risk of unsatisfied stakeholders once the project is complete. This usually happens when the client has not explicitly described the visions and goals of the project (Haynes 2002, 55). Lack of consulting with the end users of the project, who may not necessarily be the sponsor, may also not yield the desired results. As a consequence, the project will fail to achieve it full intended value. Constant communication and consultations with the stakeholders are required in order to conquer this p roblem. Any changes to the project should be communicated well in advance so as to get approval from the sponsor and the stakeholders (Hillson and Simon 2007, 37). The project management team should provide options, with implications of each, so that the sponsor can make an informed decision.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another important consideration that project managers should make is the applicability of local standards and codes. Different states have unique standards requirements, so the project management team should be familiar with those requirements and ensure that people hired meet the set professional qualifications. Extra training of personnel will be required, which may come at an extra cost for the contracting company. The training sessions are important in that they reduce the risk of mistakes being made when the project is underway, and as a way of conforming to state regulations. A major problem faced by most project managers is that of estimating costs in a project (Barkley 2004, 71). Most projects start out with misinformation, with both the sponsor and the contractor relying on cost estimates to base their decisions, which may be lower than the actual costs incurred. Because of this, either side may experience losses due to lack of sufficient information. Various controls and a ccounting measures need to be involved from the start of the project that will make it easier to track down any variances in the costs illustrated in the budget. Risk management theories The critical chain theory focuses attention on schedule development and management in project management (Goldratt, 1990, 1997 and 1998)). The main aim of risk management in projects is that of converting uncertainties and risks into certain outcomes or promises. The critical chain theory in project management focuses on the resources needed to carry out specified tasks so that the whole project can be on schedule (Goldratt and Cox 1984; 77). Critical chain project management identifies and inserts buffers into projects that monitor the schedule and financial performance of the project (Dettmer 1997, 7). The theory follows the same methodology as the critical path theory, with the latest completion dates for each task. Safety time is aggregated to tasks within the buffers, thereby avoiding the risk of time wasting due to bad multitasking (Dow and Taylor 2010, 99). Goldratt (1984, 61) introduced the theory of constraints by explaining that all organizations face several challenges, or constraints, that limit the achievement of the overall objectives. The theory therefore urges organizations to identify these constraints and restructure themselves in order to protect the organization’s interests. Five focusing steps have been recommended for this purpose, also known as the Process of Ongoing Improvement. As with the risk management process, the organization has to first identify the constraint and then decide on how it will exploit the constrained process. Thirdly, the organization has to reorganize itself with the decisions made. Once the decision has been supported throughout the organization, the organization can make other changes in its systems in order to break down the constraint. Lastly, the constraint will have to be monitored since it can move to other processes , where the organization will have to repeat the five focusing steps again (Gray 2010, 15; Klein 2000, 31). Management of project risk The risk management process begins with the identification of all potential risks that may affect the project. The project management team can use various strategies to identify such risks, though risk analysis is not carried out at this phase. The objective of the risk identification stage is to merely state all risks that the team may encounter, so a comprehensive list is required by the stakeholders of the project. In the planning process, the project risk manager may be asked to document the risks and their characteristics; therefore he must collect as much relevant information as possible. Some of the techniques that may be employed for this purpose include a brainstorming session, whereby scheduled meetings and interviews with the stakeholders are carried out in a bid to list all potential risks to the project. If the project management team ha s valid experience in its line of work, it may revisit some of the risks it identified in a similar project. The learning process will be facilitated if the company maintains a log of previous work, performance and customer satisfaction records (Klein 2000, 47). Traditional risks will be identified from historical information, past projects and industry findings (Cooper et al. 2005, 106) In research and development, the most common risk identified is that of the risk of failure. As such, companies engaging in RD overlook the importance of project risk management and concentrate on their research work (Frigenti and Comnimos 2002, 126; Frigenti 2007, 157). There are other factors that may lead to the cancellation of a research work other than failure, and management has to identify such risks before it is too late. Risks associated with RD can be categorized into project, technical, internal and external risks. The project management team cannot afford to concentrate on one form of ri sks since the others may be overlooked (Coudhury 1988, 65; Allen and Jarman 1999, 70). The company could use the project management plan as a guide for the overall research project, and communicate on a regular basis to the stakeholders. Communication is useful as most researches breakdown due to lack of clarity, resulting into budget cuts or unexplained delays (Lewis 2002, 176; 2007, 103). Change management and systems integration are also subject to risks, so only through the understanding of such risks can the risk management process be effective. The most common risk pertaining to these processes is resistance to change, especially from the end users. Employees of a company may fear change, and would be against additional training so that they can become familiar with new processes or software programs. The main reason for this is the fear that most people have of the unknown, so employees may be resistant to change since they do not fully grasp the benefits of a new system, or fear losing some of their responsibilities in the change management process. End user involvement and clear communication are strategies through which this form of risk can be averted. Change management also brings in the risk of scope, whereby a project’s scope widens in the duration of the program (Kerzner 1992, 67; 2006, 63; 2009, 76). This happens when a change management situation has already began, and the project team keeps on integrating more ideas in the development stage so that the results from the change management program are more than those that had initially been planned for, which may also exceed budget limits. The scope of the change management should be explicitly illustrated and communicated to avoid scope creep. With technology transfer, systems integration and change management comes the risk of data loss in the conversion process. Data conversion risks include missing important information, the comprehensive new system could require data that the old sys tem never had in place, or data from the old system may lose meaning in the new system. The change management team can employ several measures to counter these risks, for instance making sure that there is sufficient back up of available data. A plan should be drawn up to illustrate how data conversion is to be managed. In case of missing data, the organization could do without such data if its unavailability will not affect the new system. Where such data is of vital importance, the organization could add it back into the old system before converting it into the new system, or alternatively add the missing data directly into the new system (Goldratt, E. M., 1997, 77; Gray and Larson 2008, 129). Project planning and implementation strategies Planning is essential form the success of project management for a number of reasons. Project planning helps management organize and schedule tasks, as well as allocate the resources that will be used up by each task. Planning allows for communi cation and coordination of the various parties involved in the project, from the sponsors, to the contractors, to the employees (Goldratt 1990, 88). For it to be effective and comprehensive, planning should entail issues of project work and scheduling, distribution and use of resources, budgetary issues and planning of the information system. Planning involves several steps, starting off with the definition of the project objectives. Once the objectives have been identified, work activities are specified with the involvement of the stakeholders. The specification of the work activities allows for the setting of responsibilities, thereby the project organization is created (Forsberg, Mooz and Cotterman 2005, 132). Tasks are allocated and the schedule is set. A resource map is drawn together with the project budget. Forecasts made to do with time targets, costs and desired performance levels are communicated to the stakeholders in the final stage of the project planning process. For a project implantation process to be successful, the planning process has to be adequate. A sound plan enables for a clear and concise allocation of responsibilities and better contract management by the project management team. Funds have to be available in a timely manner for the implementation process to be smooth. Adequate control and monitoring measures will enable the quick identification and effective management of the risks that may arise in the implementation process (Coudhury 1988, 71). Summary and conclusion Project risk management is a vital element of project management. Where contractors may overlook the importance of planning for risks in the initial stages of the project, and only applying risk management once the project has already commenced, risk planning allows for project managers to be better prepared in the event of risk. Planning enables managers to identify all risks that may occur, and analyze their chances of occurrence and the potential impact that they po se to the project. In this way, the project management team is able to prioritize focus to strategize on how they will manage such risks. Management may also view the need of establishing a contingency plan that will come into effect once a risk has occurred (Cleland and Ireland 2006, 153). Without a contingency plan, management would have to bear serious disruptions in the project, which will have a negative impact on the project’s schedule. Resources have to be actually available for a contingency plan to be effective; otherwise the entire process will be of no value to the project management team. The project risk model identifies and ranks the risks that may occur, whereby assessment is carried out based on the budget risk of the component risks. High complexity risks are those that have the highest negative impact on the project budget, and therefore require special attention, and a contingency plan for such risks is recommended. References Allen, G. and Jarman, R., 1999 . Collaborative RD: manufacturings new tool, 5th ed. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. Apgar, D., 2006. Risk Intelligence: Learning to Manage What We Dont Know. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Barkley, B., 2004. Project risk management. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. Blyth, M., 2009. Business Continuity Management: Building an Effective Incident Management Plan. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. Capman, C. S., 2005. Controlling strategy: management, accounting, and performance measurement. London: Oxford University Press. Chapman, C. B. and Ward, S. C., 2002. Managing project risk and uncertainty: a constructively simple approach to decision making. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. Chapman, C. B., Ward, S. and Ward, S. C., 2003. Project risk management: processes, techniques, and insights, 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons. Cleland, D. I. and Ireland, L. R., 2006. Project management: strategic design and implementation. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. Conrow, E. H., 2003 . Effective Risk Management: Some Keys to Success. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Cooper, D. F., et al. 2005. Project Risk Management Guidelines: Managing Risk in Large Projects and Complex Procurements. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons. Coudhury, S., 1988. Project management. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill. Crockford, N., 1986. An introduction to risk management, 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead-Faulkner. p. 18 Curtin, T., Hayman, D., and Hussein, N., 2005. Managing a crisis: a practical guide. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Delvin , E. S., 2006. Crisis management planning and execution. New York: Auerbach publications Dettmer, H. W., 1997. Goldratts theory of constraints: a systems approach to continuous improvement. Great Barrington, MA: ASQ Quality Press. Dorfman, M. S., 2007. Introduction to Risk Management and Insurance, 9th ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall. Dow, W. and Taylor, B., 2010. Project Management Communications Bible. New Jersey: J ohn Wiley and Sons. Fink, S., 2002. Crisis management: planning for the inevitable. 2nd ed. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse. Forsberg, K., Mooz, H. and Cotterman, H., 2005. Visualizing project management: models and frameworks for mastering complex systems, 3rd ed. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. Frigenti, E. and Comninos, D., 2002. The practice of project management: a guide to the business-focused approach. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Frigenti, E., 2007. The Practice Of Project Management. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Goldratt, E. M., 1990. What is this thing called theory of constraints and how should it be implemented? Great Barrington, MA: North River Press. Goldratt, E. M., 1997. Critical chain. Great Barrington, MA: North River Press. Goldratt, E. M., 1998. Essays on the theory of constraints. Great Barrington, MA: North River Press. Golratt, E. M., and Cox, J. 1984. The goal: excellence in manufacturing. Great Barrington, MA: North River Press. Gorrod, M., 2004. Risk Manage ment Systems : Technology Trends (Finance and Capital Markets). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Gray, C.F. and Larson, E.W., 2008. Project management: the managerial process, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Gray, L., 2010. Project Management: The Managerial Process, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. Harvard Business School, 2004. Harvard business essentials: crisis management: master the skills to prevent disasters. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press. Haynes, M. E., 2002. Project management: practical tools for success, 3rd ed. New York: Cangage Learning. Heerkens, G. R., 2007. Project Management: 24 Steps to Help You Master Any Project. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. Hillson, D. and Simon, P., 2007. Practical Project Risk Management: The Atom Methodology. McLean, VA: Management Concepts Publishers. Kendrick, T., 2003. Identifying and Managing Project Risk: Essential Tools for Failure-proofing Your Project. New York, NY: AMACOM. Kendrick, T., 2009. Identifying and M anaging Project Risk: Essential Tools for Failure-proofing Your Project, 2nd ed. New York, NY: AMACOM. Kerzner, H., 1992. Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling, 4th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Kerzner, H., 2006. Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling, 9th ed. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. Kerzner, H., 2009. Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling, 10th ed. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. Klein, R., 2000. Scheduling of resource-constrained projects. London: Springer. Lewis, J. P., 2002. Fundamentals of project management: developing core competencies to help outperform the competition, 2nd ed. New York, NY: AMACOM. Lewis, J. P., 2007. Fundamentals of project management, 3rd ed. New York, NY: AMACOM. Lientz, B. P. and Larssen, L., 2006. Risk Management for IT Projects: How to Deal with Over 150 Issues and Risks. London: Butterworth-Heinemann. Lock, D. , 1996. Project Management, 3rd ed. London: London: Gower Publishing, Ltd. Lock, D., 2003. Project Management, 8th ed. London: London: Gower Publishing, Ltd. Lock, D., 2007. Project Management, 9th ed. London: Gower Publishing, Ltd. Martin, P. K., 2004. The Professional Guide to Risk Assessment: The MTA Step-by-step Method. Cincinnati, OH: Martin Training Association. Pickerton, W. J., 2003. Project management: achieving project bottom-line succe$$. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. Regester, M. and Larkin, J., 2002. Risk issues and crisis management. 2nd ed. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Royer, P. S., 2001. Project risk management: a proactive approach. McLean, VA: Management Concepts Publishers. Wang, J. X., 2000. What Every Engineer Should Know About Risk Engineering and Management. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker. Well, S. D., Lindenaar, F. and Kinderen, S., 2004. Project risk management: an essential tool for managing and controlling projects. London: Kogan Page Publishers.

ODiscussion Board reply Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

ODiscussion Board reply - Coursework Example Even though an increase in minimum wage produces positive effects on businesses in the form of increased demand, conventional macroeconomic modeling indicates that it is likely to reduce GDP and eliminate hundreds of thousands of jobs. Therefore, Equal Pay Act of 1963 is the best tool to increase the level of gender equality. The government must ensure that women are motivated to pursue highly rewarding careers by offering them sufficient incentives. This is done by ensuring fairness to the hardworking Americans particularly women. We must constantly work hard to help the weak and the poor by making sure the Equal pay Act of 1963 is adhered to because helps in availing certain positions to the less disadvantaged. For instance, it has had important effects on the nature of the US human resource due to the fact that women nowadays hold positions that they never held (Reskin & Bielby, 2005). On the other hand, the Paycheck Fairness Act should be implemented to help reduce the huge wage differences across gender in the

Can and should the arts be used for emancipatory or progressive Essay

Can and should the arts be used for emancipatory or progressive purposes Answer this question drawing on relevant cultural theories on the relationship between the arts and politics - Essay Example In this regard, the arts are usually associated with recreation, distractions and amusements (Wolff & Geahigan, 1997, p. 1). Proponents of the arts argue however that the arts are embodied knowledge and quite often interprets, constructs and criticizes life. In this regard, the arts like the sciences, also transfers knowledge. The arts aids in shaping an â€Å"understanding of the world† as it is or as it should be and as such can and often does, guide progress and emancipation (Metallinos, 2009, p. 146). Therefore, the arts can be powerful communication sources and may transfer knowledge relative to social, political and cultural realities and in doing so can raise consciousness and lead to progress and emancipation. The purpose of this research paper is to explore and analyse the assumption that the arts are powerful social, political and cultural communications and whether or not the arts should be used for progressive and emancipatory purposes. This is a particularly complex issue as arts are not all expressive and some are wholly aimed at creating pleasure and economic investment. Even so, given the communication associated with the arts, this research paper explores whether or not it is fair to impose emancipation and progressive responsibilities on artists. In order to determine whether or not the arts can and should be used for emancipatory and progressive purposes, cultural and political theories of the arts will be analysed. The arts are often defined as representations and expressions of life, nature, objects and human feelings and activities. Art as a representation and/or an expression is immediately defined as a communication between the artists and the audience to which it is directed or exposed. In this regard, art is said to be reflective in that it often invokes human emotions and thoughts. At the same time, some arts such as instrumental classical or any

Diagnostic radiography

Diagnostic radiography 2. Background and Objectives of Study Student retention is widely seen as a threat to the nation at large as it creates not only an economic burden to the government but also to the institutions.It establishes loss of wellskilledpersonsexpectedto enter the labour force and has animmense impact in student welfare as well. Yorke (2000) describes predisposing factors which resultin drop outs as; wrong pick of course, frustration with environment, failure to cope with workload, no support from within, fiscal issues as well aspersonal matters.Recent research by SCoR (2007) has revealed that retentionrates in diagnostic radiography have steadily decreased in the past four years and this brought up heaps of issues of concern to higher education. Therefore guidelines by the SCoR were put in place to try and improve retentionin institutions but the question is; has enough been done to implement those guidelines so as to eliminate the attrition rates.There is an overlook into the matter and institutions are suffering from the outc omes of retention. Thus, it is necessary to find the root of the problem, which comes down to having a look into students views on the course itself. This might give the HE an insight on how to tackle the problem knowingly aware of the exact factors that they are dealing with. Retention of students is not only the universities role but also of the student contribution in the programme, therefore the overall aim of this study is to identify, recommend and target support needed to aid retention and also to find out student insight as they progress in radiography courses and how this has an influence in retention. Most of this research will be based on a study carried out by Yorke and Longden (2004), as it covers first year experiences into higher education thus it might be useful in relating overall students perspicacity of higher education with how radiography students feel about their course. The only differences being that both 1st and 3rd year diagnostic radiography students are to partake in the study. 3. Methods Research on the selected area embraces the survey research design. As a quantitative method it is perceived in a sense of being steadfastas it involves collection of statistical data on study variables, (Sim Wright, 2000). Use of this design came down to it being simple and well known, with the amount of satisfactory information one can acquire from opinions and perspectives of individuals, on current issues.A large amount of data would be easier to obtain as it would be from a widely dispersed geographical sample group. As a qualitative method, a survey explores reasons of trends in behaviour and attitudes, perceptionand actions of individuals, more reasons to carry out this research with this method. A survey is relatively cost effective thus making it easier to conduct the research, (Neale, 2009). There is however need for choice of the research instrument for data collection. Anopen ended questionnaire would be a useful tool to get the desired information in alogicalway(ref). They will be distributed face to face to individual students by telephone, via post and emails to the Radiography Departments. Radiography students to be investigated are in the UK. Only 24 universities provide Radiography (diagnostic), hence a larger sample size of the whole population would be essential but only 9 universities (approximately 279 students) will be sampled, each school as a representative of each province in the UK. Altman (1991) discusses the random sampling method as appropriate to useas it lessens preconceived notions of the results as most of the universities have a likely chance of being selected for the research reducing biases.A random sample will be achieved by drawing up the sample groups into cohorts.A survey of each cohort (intake, 1st year and 3rd year) will be conducted to explore issues that may be specific to each particular year of study, for example 1st year home sickness or financial issues in final year students, 4. Location of study and access arrangements The study will be limited to universities in England and Wales. Admittanceto the universities would be through the school faculty ethics and their Heads of department. 5.Personnel Cost Factors As a first time researcher need for personnels, such as a supervisor and advisors, to help in the undertaking of the study is essential in a sense that they have more knowledge in the field of research and therefore will be able to steer the research in the right direction, (Barnard Seale, 1998). No costs are to be considered in this manner as these supporters are volunteers to give out assistant where applicable. As the sample size of this study is relatively of a great cohort, the cost is going to be considerably high. Equipment to be used in the research will include paper sheets for construction of the hard copy questionnaires, as well as the ink ( £20) needed to print out the questionnaires. They will need to be dispersed in envelopes (stamped) via the post office which cost around a total of  £0.74. To travel to the different universities travel costs have to be considered, nevertheless emails could be used as a means of reducing travel cost. Overallit gives an approximation of about  £376 to carry out the research. 6. Ethical Considerations Issues that may arise in conjunction with conducting this research include getting access to participantsalong with student enrolment and dropout records. Approval on these issues would be achieved through the School Ethics Committee under the department of radiography, in the universities under study. Other issues might be of acquiring data from students. This involves confidentiality, consent and free wiled partaking. All these issues will be addressed accordingly through the assurance of anonymity in staging of results, utter confidentiality in data compilation and privacy, although sometimes this will not be possible especially when the partakers are to be considered at various intervalsof research, (Polit Hungler, 1995). Introductory letters, and consent forms were possible will be issued to be sure that a mutual agreement of involvement is met, (Trochim 1999). Due to taking part in this research individuals might experience potential distress, therefore support arrangements will be put in place. Is NHS R D approval required?Yes No If which Trust/s will be required to give approval? Is NHS Ethics Committee approval required?Yes No If Yes, state the name of the REC to whom you will be applying. 7. Project Milestones and Timescales Activity Start Date Completion Date Await approval from ethics committee and Research practice panel Construct questionnaires Ethical review and data collection Data analysis Discussion conclusions Completion of written research Design of poster and article Submission of article and poster 10.01.10 01.06.10 08.10 11.10 12.10 02.11 01.03.11 09.05.11 01.05.10 20.06.10 10.10 12.10 01.11 03.11 08.05.11 09.05.11

Alienation in the lives of Arab Women :: Research Culture Arabic Essays

Alienation in the lives of Arab Women Alienation: al ·ien ·a ·tion ( l y -n sh n, l - -) n. The act of alienating or the condition of being alienated; estrangement; isolation or dissociation. Alienation is a concept that is universal to all people of all cultures in the world and throughout all time periods. These feelings of alienation, in some form or another, have affected every human begin that has ever taken a breath and will until the race is extinct. It is these feelings of alienation that influence so many of our activities, our thoughts, and the way we shape our lives and the manner in which we form our societies. It is these reactions to alienation that have played such a large role in the shaping of cultures and societies and for this reason it is important to study the alienation that is being discussed here. It is necessary to choose a group first of all and for our purpose here it will be women in the Arab culture. This is a very diverse culture and therefore we cannot deal with any specific society too in depth and so therefore we will look at examples provided from Arab women’s novels as well as look at the culture as a whole and over a large geogra phic region. We will be primarily concerned with the sources of alienation that bring these feelings and/or situations of alienation about and focusing on a socioanalytic evaluation of these sources. Also important in this discourse are the situations of the present that we will examine by looking at a few examples from the Arab women’s novels, but also the in-depth analyses of the situations and experiences. Finally, we will look at what these situations and analyses mean for the future of Arab women and the circumstances they may be provided with in years to come and how they might deal with new forms of alienation and at the same time different forms of dealienation or situations of being able to enter parts of society and the world that they have not been able to for numbers of years, and in some cases parts they have never experienced—historically speaking. In short, the purpose of this discourse is to understand the alienation that is a part of the lives of Arab women. This is not supposed to be a definitive analysis, but rather the introduction

Kate Chopin Response Question Help Essay

1. What features make The Awakening a â€Å"local color† story? The features that make The Awakening a â€Å"local color† story are Story points like how Edna comes in contact with creole women and how their societies differ from her own from the language, their status, and the way they express themselves, basically their community’s culture. 2. What customs and beliefs of Edna Pontellier’s society are significant in relation to her psychological development? Edna lives in a Victorian society where women are more than expected to conform to the ways of society allowing just enough independence to eradicate a sense of boredom in their repetitive daily routines of caring for their children and husband but little of themselves, however Edna holds thoughts of a romantic world deep in her heart and the meeting of the creole women like Mademoiselle Reisz, the model of what she could be, and Adà ¨le Ratignolle, the model of the life in which she refuses to accep t. Both of which propel her to change and accept her own independence. 3. What attitudes and tendencies in the Creole characters does Edna have trouble adjusting to? Edna struggled with adjusting to the creole women frankness about sex, and their desires. Initially shocking her with their ability to express themselves, Edna soon learns that their life style is the one she craves to pursue. 4. Why did Edna marry Leonce? Is he the model husband? Edna married Leonce because he was the ideal husband, hardworking could support a family, attractive and cared for his children and wife. However that’s where it stopped Leonce cared for his children and wife, loved his children but didn’t love Edna to the extent of letting her express herself rather he wanted her to conform t the life style she hated, the Victorian domestic wife. So in comparison to our society today he would not be a model husband our culture today describes marriage out of unconditional love rather than necessity. 5. What incidents in the novel reveal that he may not be a good husband for Edna? Leonce, on multiple occasions Leonce denies her claims of independence simply rejecting her ideas of herself expression ultimately creating a gap between Edna and himself a gap which would be filled by Robert. 6. How do Mlle. Reisz and Mme. Ratignolle function in  relation to Edna and the novel’s view of women as mothers and artists? In a way Mlle. Reisz and Mme. Ratignolle are two extremes; one being what Edna could be in accepting the Victorian society’s expectations of women, and the latter being the full rejection of the Victorian expectations. 7. What kind of mother is Edna? What kind of artist is she? Originally Edna was the Victorian’s ideal wife/mother only branching to art as a way of entertainment rather than expression, however she began to branch away from the norm., or rather â€Å"expected† behavior as both a mother/wife and as an artist. 8. How are the background characters such as the young lovers and the lady in black at the shore, significant in Edna’s story? The young couple and the lady in black act as identifiers of Edna’s own struggles with her own identity and status in society. The young lovers being a representation of how she imagined her romance with Leonce to be, being described as walking as equals. A feeling Edna feels she cannot hope to feel with Leonce.. The lady in black acts as an example of how a women is expected to at an older age wearing black dreary colors acting as a foreshadow of impeding death leaving a fatalistic view over the young couple’s future. 9. In detail, explain how the flashbacks to Edna’s past function. How does her father compare to the other men in her life? Her father was very strict with her as he was a protestant catholic very defined by the â€Å"norm†, however this didn’t stop him and Edna from getting along despite her claims of romantic independence. 10. How does the view of romantic love develop in the course of the novel? What is the doctor’s view of marriage and childbearing? It seems as though throughout the novel romantic loved is morphed into becoming an act of rebellion. The doctor notices her adoration for Robert, and her branching for independence however he also knows that even if he said anything there would be little Leonce could do to intervene without sparking a rebellion from Edna. It seems as though the doctor feels that both marriage and child bearing are not what necessarily define love, or a romantic relationship, something reinforced by Edna’s behavior. 11. Can you think of an emotional attachment and/or a romantic obsession you have studied in a previous work? How does that incident or character compare with Edna’s emotional and romantic relationships? A very strong emotional  attachment or obsession is apparent in Romeo & Juliet, it is similar to the awakening because on in both stories the main protagonist(s) are breaking the norm in order to pursue a romantics ideal life, even more so that they both end with suicide, leaves a pretty dark cloud over love triumphs type of writings. 12. What are the main images and symbols in the novel? The main symbols and images in the novel are: the birds, the sea, the two lovers accompanied by the lady in black, as well as the adolescent twins. 13. Why does Edna get involved with Alcee Arobin? Edna gets involved with Alcee to sate her physical desires in place of Robert, being in Mexico, and Leonce being restrained by his beliefs in society. 14. Why do you suppose critics were outraged at this novel in 1899, saying it committed â€Å"unutterable crimes against polite society† and should be labeled â€Å"poison† to protect â€Å"moral babes†? When hearing this I could only laugh as a friend of mine is very feminist and women empowered, when reading the critique’s reactions to the novels as â€Å"poison† , I came to the conclusion that they were outraged because they were either upset with Edna’s apparent likeliness to sex or her ability to easily move to other men, those critiques either saw this novel as Chopin’s way of describing the â€Å"real† woman or an over the top imagining of what every women desires, and out of jealousy of words to express simply criticized. 15. What is your reaction to the end of the novel? Do you agree or disagree with the reasons for Edna’s final action? In way I agree with her final decision, of course this does not mean I support suicide but It seems as though Edna had set herself up to never be happy in her society, and after multiple attempts to embrace this â€Å"new† culture that presented itself to her anyone she attempted to grow close to was restrained by that same society’s expectations, not willing to break the rules for her. In a way she was alone seeking a partner yet no one was reaching out as far as she was.

Advertising Is The Non Personal Communication Of Information

Abstract Advertising has played an important role in today’s world and has changed our daily life. It makes influence on everyone. Advertising helps to create a competitive market. Companies compete with others through advertising to make people need them.Customers are subconsciously affected to buy a certain product because of advertising. Advertising affects customers’ choices when they are shopping by many skills. Advertising industry creates more jobs. We all know advertising has both advantages and disadvantages. We should try to guide the advertising to develop with more benefits and give up cheating. Introduction The American Marketing Association had given the definition of advertising: â€Å"Advertising is the non-personal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about products, services and ideas by identified sponsors through the various media.† (http://www.doc88.com/p-0028542918056.html) So we can see advertising is created by sellers in order to introduce their products,services and ideas to more people through media such as radio,TV program, newspapers,Internet and even buses ect. to make themselves popular .The purpose of this paper is to better understand effects of advertising in modern society. Body I. The groups that influenced by advertising Advertising has important influences on different groups. First,it effects customers’ choices when they are shopping. 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The purpose of advertising may also be to reassure employees or shareholders that a company is viable or successful. Advertising messages are usually paid for by sponsors and viewed viaRead MoreThe Marketing Of Marketing Mix1340 Words   |  6 Pagesmix. Promotional mix consists of A ) Personal Selling In Personal selling communication is happening on one to one with seller and customer. It is considered to be one of the most expensive form of promotion . The seller uses their appearance and product knowledge to sell the product. Examples of Personal selling - Personal Meetings , telemarketing etc. customer. Personal selling is belongs to advertising and sales promotion. Personal selling is the way , to personally sell theRead MoreCase Study : Honda Motor Co1271 Words   |  6 Pagesmarket share (Checkraka, 2014). Honda revealed the strategy that the company will focus on is offering a wide range of new products and marketing communication (ibid, 2014). 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