Is College Education Worth It

Is College Education Worth It? Hailey Mulligan October 24, 2012 Organization Communication MG320 Is College Education Worth It? Getting a â€Å"good† job is not straightforward as it used to be. In past generations, someone in an entry-level position could work their way up the ladder simply through hard work and determination; whether or not one had credentials or a diploma mattered very little. This is not the case today. Higher education is now critical to obtaining a better job because the demand for skilled labor is rising.For this reason, the value that a degree offers is higher than that of one’s actual intelligence or merit. Furthermore, workers without college degrees will quickly be outpaced in position and salary by degree holders. Earning a college degree is no longer simply an option for potential job seekers, but a necessity for those wishing to advance in their careers. With the cost of postsecondary education rising in leaps and bounds, potential student s may wonder if the college education system is still worth investing in.Niall Ferguson (2012) states that at a sample of public colleges, average tuition and fees for in-state residents have risen by 25 percent since 2008; for private schools, these tuition and fees rose by 13 percent (p. 20). Similarly, over half (56 percent) of students are enrolled at four year schools with tuitions and fees of up to $9,000 a year with high-ranking institutions reporting costs upwards of $40,000 annually (Walker, 2010, p. 28). Although this cost has been offset for many students by the increase in government funding for education in the form of grants and entitlements, postsecondary expenses can be daunting.Yet, findings discussed later in this report reveal the vital importance of a college degree, not only in short-term job hunts but as a long-term investment over one’s lifetime. First, the demand for skilled labor has risen in America. According to Bound and Turner (2010), â€Å"colle giate attainment has not kept pace with increases in the demand for skilled workers in the United States† (p. 7). Although there has been a significant increase in the number of college attendees, the number of students actually completing a college degree has not increased proportionately (p. 7).One possible argument for the rising demand of college graduates is the reduction of blue-collar jobs as this nation moves into a technology and information-based economic market (Carnevalle, 2006, p. 90). Bankston (2011) says this trend might be consistent with the argument that advances in technology have created a rising demand for advanced credentials (p. 337). Other authors cite examples of how â€Å"a new technology may require that people have a degree to provide a product or service for which a degree was unnecessary ten years ago† (Whitaker and Zenker, 2011, p. 21).Others argue, however, that demand for jobs that require a college degree is simply a self-perpetuating r esult of the increase in college graduates. In 1940, barely five percent of American’s held a college degree; by 2008 that number had risen to 30 percent (Bankston, 2011, p. 326). One author credits the rise of degree requirements to the growth of government subsidies in the market of postsecondary education (Bankston, 2011, p. 336). As the government gives more money in the form of Pell grants (which has now been deemed an entitlement), more students attend college and obtain degrees.Bankston reasons that â€Å"one would expect that as credentials flood the market, they will purchase fewer opportunities† (p. 336). Over time this may mean that the value of a college degree may diminish and the gap in income and job opportunities between graduates and non-graduates will decrease. (p. 336). It may also mean that having only a bachelor’s degree will not be enough to secure a comfortable career. Debra Stewart, president of the Council of Graduate Schools, claims tha t â€Å"over the course of a lifetime, people with master's degrees earn 18 percent more than those with baccalaureate degrees† (Loftus, 2012, p. 3). For now though, the rise of credentialed job seekers has led to the thought that higher education is an expectation for everyone.Because having a degree has become so common, employers now use it as a way to eliminate people who would not make good candidates for employment—even if a degree isn’t a totally accurate determinant of one’s talent or work skills. The mass availability of college education may actually â€Å"debase its intrinsic value† (Bankston, p. 338). Although someone without a degree may have more natural intelligence and ability than their credentialed ounterpart, a degree is now worth more than actual capability in the job market. Bankston writes that â€Å"the popular emphasis placed on higher education in a society in which higher education has become a broad expectation has heigh tened the importance of credentials as an asset for obtaining a job at the expense of other assets, such as demonstrated ability or experience in a field† (p. 337). A degree provides a form of merit that employers look for immediately because the degree marks the individual as someone who can supposedly meet deadlines, fulfill obligations, and think critically.Margolis (2007) remarks how â€Å"it was the common practice of my colleagues to immediately sift out the [resumes] that didn’t have a degree and just throw them away† (p. 42). Because many employers are searching through high volumes of resumes, they don’t have time to thoroughly look at every single one; they speed up the process by simply filtering out non-graduates. This point is exemplified further in the case of Marilee Jones. The former dean of admissions at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M. I. T. ) quickly resigned after it was discovered she did not actually have the credentials listed on her resume (Kinsley, 2007).Even though she started as a clerical worker and advanced in position over 28 years to become the dean at this prestigious school, her talent and loyalty meant nothing once her padded resume was revealed (Kinsley, 2007). She simply lacked the paper qualifications M. I. T. based itself upon. Although these qualifications are all â€Å"artificial substitutes for real merit, sometimes the artificial substitute is unavoidable† (p. 34). The substitutes are unavoidable when employers, like colleges, do not have the time or ability to gather all the information necessary to determine who will be a successful employee.Even though Ms. Jones â€Å"demonstrated real merit† (p. 34), her paper merit—or lack thereof—ultimately determined her fate at M. I. T. A college degree stands in the place of ability when ability cannot be measured in a concrete way. Not only can the absence of a college degree inhibit one’s ability to o btain a job, it can also hinder one’s likelihood of advancement in a career. A degree increases one’s â€Å"marketability and maneuverability—without a degree, you’re flying by the seat of your pants† (Kinsley, 2007). Although one might find a job without a degree (based on connections, etc. , the degree provides a cushion. If this job were to be lost, a new job could readily be found because of one’s credentials. Furthermore, non-graduates â€Å"cap out† in their careers sooner than graduates. Kinsley notes that â€Å"you hit that ceiling where a high school diploma only gets you so far in a salary range† (p. 34). Bankston also documents the increasing gap since the 1950s in median wage incomes of Americans with and without college degrees (p. 337). The wage premium of a college degree over a high school diplomas increased by 83% since 1979 (Carnevale, 2006, p. 90).Non-graduates have less bargaining power in their positions be cause they are less valuable to their employer and may therefore be unable to take advantage of an increase in earnings or benefits (Kinsley, 2007). So stringent have the qualifications for employment become—arbitrarily or otherwise—that sometimes just having a diploma isn’t even enough. For example, employers are still wary about the quality of online degrees. Lynn Gresham (2008) notes a survey conducted by Vault. com that revealed â€Å"nearly two-thirds (63%) [of employers] still said that they would favor job candidates with degrees from traditional colleges† (p. 4). One hiring manager said they didn’t believe online degrees â€Å"reflect a serious commitment to education† (p. 24). Currently the perceived value of an online degree is less than that of degrees obtained from brick-and-mortar institutions. However, as more job candidates complete degrees online, employers’ views on their validity are slowing changing. For some, the c ompletion of an online degree shows that â€Å"the person is highly self-motivated to learn new skills and acquire knowledge through rigorous self-study methods† (p. 27). Today, the average American changes jobs eleven times during their adult life (U.S. Department of Labor: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012). For this reason, a person without a college degree would be devastatingly ill-equipped to survive in today’s job market because they lack the flexibility to move to new careers. In 2010, non-graduate workers experienced 10. 4 percent unemployment, while workers with at least a bachelor’s degree were only unemployed at 4. 7 percent (Whitaker and Zenker, 2011, p. 21-22). Employers still look to see if a job candidate has a degree, even if they exemplify significant intelligence.Doors of opportunity that remain open to degree holders will be closed for non-graduates and the ladder of advancement will only reach so high. Diplomas are a form of meritocracy neces sary in America, even if only arbitrarily. While the intrinsic value of a college education may be disappearing because of its mass production, its extrinsic value remains true. Despite its high costs, college is still one of the best investments a person can make in today’s highly competitive job market. Financially and opportunity-wise, obtaining a college education is still worth it.

Mesothelioma

Mesothelioma is a malignant neoplasm that develops from the mesothelium tissue (a membrane that covers the internal organs present in the body).   It occurs very rarely and is more frequently caused by inhaling asbestos dust.   The incidence of the disease is slowly on the rise.   In the US, about 2000 new cases are reported every year.   About 70 to 80% of all cases with mesothelioma report exposure to asbestos (NCI, 2002).   Mesothelioma can develop in various sites of the body including the pleura (membranes that covers the lungs), peritoneum (membrane that covers the abdominal cavity), tunica vaginalis testis (membrane that covers the male internal reproductive organs) and tunica serosa uteri (membrane that covers the female internal reproductive organs) (NCI, 2002). It is made up of one layer of flat or cuboidal cells that surround a particular organ or an organ set belonging to a particular group (Weitz & Luxenberg, 2006).   In between these membranes a fluid is present that permits some amount of movement during physiologic functioning.   When the asbestos is inhaled, it gets deposited into parenchyma of the lungs from where it enters the immediate membrane that covers the lungs.   It may be carried soon to the other membrane of the lung.   The tumor usually begins as discrete plaques known as ‘malignant mesothelial plaques’ (Weitz & Luxenberg, 2006). These discrete masses soon combine to form a large sheet like lesion that spreads.   The exact process by which mesothelioma occurs is not understood clearly, however, it seems that chronic irritation of the membrane plays a very important role (Weitz & Luxenberg, 2006).   The chromosomes present in the cell are distorted (Tan, 2007).   One of the most frequent changes in the malignant cell was the loss of a copy of Chromosome 22. The chromosomal picture of the cell seems to be very complex (complex karyotype) and is rearranged (Tan, 2007).   Sometimes, the chromosome arms of 1p, 3p, 9p and 6q may also get structurally rearranged.   This may be brought about by close contact between the chromosomes or the structural proteins with the asbestos particles (Weitz & Luxenberg, 2006). The asbestos may get deposited in the peritoneum either through the lymphatic system or the due ingestion of the sputum from the lungs (Weitz & Luxenberg, 2006).   The long thin fibers of asbestos are more dangerous than the feathery fibers as they more easily cause cancer.   Once the fibers get deposited in the pleura, the cancer development process actually begins.   In experimental rats, it has been observed that when the pleura or the peritoneum are invaded by the asbestos particles, macrophages and the other cells of the body’s defense mechanism accumulate (Weitz & Luxenberg, 2006). As the disease progresses, the macrophages and immune cells continue to invade the lesion.   Slowly the cells get transformed into malignancy.   Studies have demonstrated that the asbestos particles may directly (through physical interaction) and indirectly (through accumulation of macrophages) bring about malignant transformation of the epithelium cells.   Indirectly, the macrophages begin to function abnormally.   They phagocyte the asbestos particles and release higher amounts of hydroxyl radicals. They may stimulate the cancer process by affecting the DNA present in the cell.   Several other substances are released from the macrophages such as mitogens, growth factors, etc, which may bring about chronic irritation.   They also alter entry of certain substances into the cell (by affecting the membrane) and reducing the effect of antioxidant action within the cells.   Asbestos is also known to suppress the action of the body’s defense mechanism by overcoming the action of the lymphocytes (Weitz & Luxenberg, 2006). Several structural and functional features have been observed in the cells affected with mesothelioma (which have asbestos particles within the cells): – 1.the suppressor genes against cancers present in the cells may get inactivated when the asbestos fibers enters the cells 2.other cancer-stimulating agents may get activated and affect the cell 3. the DNA of the cell gets altered due to the incorporation of a foreign DNA which encourages cancer formation 4. the DNA repair enzymes may get stimulated and frequently result in a faulty method of repair 5.the cell terminal processes may become abnormal resulting in immortality 6.the DNA sequence may be added at the ends of the cell which makes the cells immortal and results in abnormal functioning (Weitz & Luxenberg, 2006) References: NCI. Mesothelioma: Questions and Answers. 2002. NCI. 5 Apr. 2007 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Sites-Types/mesothelioma Tan W.W. â€Å"Mesothelioma.† 2007. E-Medicine. 5 Apr. 2007 http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic1457.htm Weitz & Luxenberg. â€Å"The Pathophysiology of Mesothelioma.† 2006. Weitz & Luxenberg Inc. 5 Apr. 2007 http://www.weitzlux.com/mesothelioma/Pathophysiology_403723.html

Importance of English Essay

anguage, so far as we know, is something specific to human beings. It is a source of communication among human beings. It distinguishes humans from all other living things. It is the code we all use to express ourselves and communication to others. Language is a medium of instruction between people to express their feelings as well as ideas and attitude. IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH : The word English is derived from the word â€Å"England†. There are different kinds of English language like British English, Canadian English and American English. English is without any doubt the actual universal language. It is the world’s second largest native language. English can be at least understood almost everywhere among scholars and educated people, as it is the world media language, and the language of cinema, TV, pop music and the computer world. It is also important because it is most common language spoken everywhere. All over the planet people are familiar with English in this era of mass communication. English has now achieved the global status. English is quickly becoming the World’s most spoken international language, therefore anyone who wants to progress in the world needs to be able to read and speak English. English is used in over 104 countries as an official or semi-official language. It is believed that over one billion people worldwide are currently learning English. Read more: Essay on importance of English In today’s business world, English has become the default second language. English is the key to open the world of success. English is thought to be one of the most important language in the world. English is also considered as the business language. It is widely spoken across the world, even on the internet. It is a way of communication. Most employers prefer their workers to be able to speak and write English fluently. English language has become one of our principal assets in getting a global leadership. It is a mean not only for international commerce it has become increasingly essential for inter-state commerce and communication. English is also use to promote our ideas worldwide and it will be in future. We can see on internet 90% of websites are written and created in English and even when we look at some sites in other language, they also give you the option to translate in English. Another factor which make English so popular is that it is very easy to learn. May be some people think that English is so difficult and confusing language but in real if they start learning English only for a week and they will feel easy with English. It is also the official language of air transport and shipping. On the other hand if we are good in English we can travel throughout the world without any problem because all round the world we can communicate with other people in English and get information about our journey. EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENTS: Now a days English is a medium of instruction at universities because of these few reasons, communicating with international world, accessing scientific sources in the student’s major fields and enable us to communicate with the people internationally. In this modern age every one need to follow the development in technology. Most of the software such as Windows, Microsoft Office or Mozilla Firebox are also written in English and these are things which are basic link to communicate with Computer. Just like if we want a little search about something we need programs and internet to find necessary sources and information. There are many English medium schools constructing day by day in our country. In Pakistani universities the education is given in English because if students will be capable to understand and speak English they can find there favorite jobs all around the world. Moreover university student need to know English to access information. In our country English is tau ght to student at every stage because he become able to communicate in English in his professional life. This thing is also very helpful to international students those went to Europe for studies. English is one of the best tool to establish our viewpoints. Through English we can also share our ideas and theories with the world. A vast source of knowledge is internet in this modern age a lot of data is present on the internet for studies but only students those are familiar with English can use that data. All the lectures given by the teachers in university level is in English. In universities all the interviews, viva and presentations conducted in English so we can say that usage of English in education is very important factor.English is leading language of science, technology, computers and commerce. It is a major medium of education. Therefore, the importance of English language cannot be degraded. so! Students should learn English language by heart otherwise they will feel too much difficulties in their life. ADVANTAGES: As I mention earlier there are countless advantages of English language. Study of English can provide us useful benefits and knowledge. We can use English to develop ourselves culturally and materially so that we can compete with the best side in the world of mind and matter. We can say that English language is our window to the world. One of advantage is that it is the world most used business and political language. Those who are still unaware about the importance of English. They should start learning English as a time come when everything would be understood , spoken and written in English.

Smartphones v. Computers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Smartphones v. Computers - Essay Example Since the start of time, the human race has been trying to find ways to store and move with information without major challenges. Advanced smartphones have been equipped with large storage, which is also supplemented by the external storage disk. Smartphone users have the habit of downloading or transferring significant content. It makes it easy to access information without connectivity. Most people use large storage in smartphones for pictures, music, video, and messages. The convenience that comes with large storage in smartphones explains the high clamor for smartphones in the society. The built-in storage in most smartphones falls within the range of 8GB to 64GB. The large storage has made it easy to access, transfer, and share all types of data. It should be noted that the storage range provided is enough for most people. The relatively high portability that comes with smartphones makes it easy and convenient to carry it everywhere. They are designed and manufactured for easier handling and carrying. They are a bit bigger than standard mobile phones. Portability makes it easy to move with smartphones, which serve as personal data assistants, video and music player, and a connectivity tool. Smartphone manufacturers use ergonomics helps in designing smartphones that are easy to hold and use. Most of the phones have designed to be slim and light to fit into the pocket easily. The essence is to make it very easy to move around with the phone with minimal discomfort. Laptops (Computer)

Why Selfies Do More Harm Than Good Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Why Selfies Do More Harm Than Good - Essay Example Lincoln`s Lost Speech. This is an important artifact which is followed only or mostly by Americans. This speech was addressed by Abraham Lincoln in a small building in Bloomington. This speech holds immense importance in the history of America as it laid the foundation of modern America. Not only that, but it established the Republication Party. In modern day, only traces of the speech are known. What this artifact explains is that some artifacts fail to travel to other countries due to a lack of interest. People from other countries will not feel patriotic towards this artifact as they serve and live in another country. Artifacts are a way of creating bridges between two countries. People of different countries follow and enjoy a mutual thing. In this way, the connection is made. People get to express their thoughts across the people of the other country. (Selfiesatfunerals.tumblr.com) Selfies. The major artifact of today. This trend gained popularity in many countries. Not only tee nagers and kids, but adults also enjoy taking `selfies.` Selfies have been the headlines of many news channels. Like any other item, selfies also have certain pros and cons. Yes, they prove to be fun, but they are also met with criticism. A collection of memories is what a lot of people treasure. But in the process of collecting memories, do we fail to be a part of them? This is the question which has been pondered over. Selfies also create privacy risks. By posting them on our social media accounts we are not the only ones who own it.

Analyzed the movie Margin Call from a legal perspective Term Paper - 1

Analyzed the movie Margin Call from a legal perspective - Term Paper Example is no character featuring the film that breaks the law, gets involved in conspiracy, or does anything any reasonable person would call unquestionably illegal. Even when the film’s fictional bank CEO makes the decision to peddle all the toxic assets in company’s - the act that factually sets in motion the total collapse of the whole American financial system – this is an understandable, if challenging, choice. If he does not sell first and begin the catastrophe, someone else is there waiting to do the same. That is the core puzzle of what economists name a collective action matter. If no specific individual or firm’s actions can change things, the only reasonable thing that can be done is assuming everyone else will adopt their most selfish (and perhaps destructive) instincts. Everybody has an incentive to adopt the worst path they think others of following, and hence it becomes a self-fulfilling insight. This not only explains why the bubbles burst, but also illustrates why they build up firstly. After all, why did big investment banks begun packaging and selling big amounts of mortgage-backed securities that ultimately triggered the crisis? It is because all the other banks did it. They were seeking greater profits, obviously, but profits are the purpose of any company and its survival basis. Each bank’s employees were aware that if they did not get in on this exceptionally lucrative new business branch, they would fall behind their rivals, their share price go down, th ey would get fired. The difficult certainty is that with systemic catastrophes like the one that has lead to our current economic crisis, no one is to blame since everyone is to blame. In the end, though, this sympathetic bankers’ dilemma portrayal offers perhaps the most pejorative indictment one can make in the modern capitalist fiscal system (Bernstein 1). After all, if disaster like this can occur even when decent individual are more or less endeavoring to do their best, hence

Guy Fawkes & The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 Research Paper

Guy Fawkes & The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 - Research Paper Example The paper will therefore, outline the political and historical context of the Gunpowder plot and the effect it had to Britain’s culture. Guy Fawkes is one of the York’s known historical characters, being famous for his involvement in the failed Gunpowder plot. Guy Fawkes was a protestant by birth, born in Stone gate, York in the year 1570, after which he became a Roman Catholic after his marriage. Fawkes was the only son in his parents who lived and married in Scotto. He attended school at St. Peter’s where he received Roman Catholic influences among others. Over the years, those who knew him painted him as ‘a man of great piety’ (Fraser 2010, p. 10-15). In the year 1593, he was enlisted in the Spanish Army and in the year 1596, he participated in the capture of the Calais city by the Spanish, as their war with Henry IV of France was underway. In his service in the army, he was furnished as a bravely man and an expert in mining. In the year 1602, he moved to Madrid where he met with Kit Wright and later with Thomas Winter who enrolled him in the gunpowder plot as a useful expert and was unknown to the authority. He played his part well in the plot and behaved in courage and dignity even after his arrest. For several days, Guy Fawkes withstood torture rather than selling his fellow plotters out (MALAM, & MALAM 2008, p. 20-25). Queen Elizabeth 1 had made England one of the Protestant strongholds in Europe, in which under her reign, the Catholics had suffered because of the anti-catholic laws that had been implemented. Therefore, when she died, the Catholics had hoped that King James 1 would scrap out the laws, but as time went by, the religion became stronger and the king felt that his authority was threatened so he implemented the anti-Catholic laws again. Therefore, Guy Fawkes, Robert Catesby, Thomas Percy, Thomas Wright among others

Reading report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Reading report - Essay Example It is important to understand that human beings are responsible for building and assembling of computers. For this reason, it is important to distinguish between a strong artificial intelligence and a weak intelligence. One of such critics is John Searle who describes strong artificial intelligence with regard to the computer is that it is able to formulate and test hypothesis in a more rigorous and precise fashion with very minimal errors. However, Searle points out that the basis of the strength and precision of computer is not the brain but the programs, which have been installed in the computer. This means that computers have cognitive states, which are much stronger and accurate compared to that of a human being. A Turing test is the ability of the computer or a machine to give and express intelligent behavior, which is almost equivalent and is indistinguishable from human beings. Allan Turing who aimed at determining if computers can think developed this concept in 1950 (John R . Searle 54). In his test, he was not refereeing to the ability of the machines offering the right answers to the question but how the answers are closely linked to human response. The test therefore did not consider audio receptions but relied on text only channels. The test relies on artificial intelligence since it involves machines in testing if the computer is able to give accurate and precise answers. As expected Allan Turing test did not go without criticism. From a philosophical point of view Descartes agrees with the Turing test on the basis of automation but he was quick to denounce the test on the basis that it human beings can think and give answers and that machines can give the right answers and cannot think. It therefore means that even though machines can interpret information and give the right answers that do not qualify them to be superior to human on the basis of thinking. In addition to this, Searle disagrees with the Turing test on the subject that even though computers can respond to different languages and give the correct answers, they only provided the right answers but without understanding and this is what distinguishes artificial intelligence with human intelligence. A human being can only respond to a language if he/she has an understanding of the language. However, machines can do this better with the help of coded programs does not mean that the computer understands the language. To support his concept, Searle performed a Chinese room test where an English native speaker man is placed in room and shown Chinese symbols. The man fails to understand the Chinese symbol and language through writings since he is not a Chinese speaker. In the second test, the same man is given the same symbols but this time with interpreted English codes, which gives the meaning of the words and the man, begins to relate the English words with the Chinese symbols. Searle calls this the question and answer technique. If a Chinese native speaker is taken through the same test, similar results will be produced and it will be difficult to distinguish between answers from the English and Chinese speakers. We therefore conclude that the English native speaker has been able to answer Chinese questions even though he does not understand them. This does not make the human being intelligent since he has been able to answer questions that he does not understand. It is the coding of the English and C

U.S. in the New World Order's Affairs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

U.S. in the New World Order's Affairs - Essay Example The very famous use of the term new world order was in the speech made by President George H. W. Bush Sr. on September 11, 1990. â€Å"The leitmotif of modern American presidential politics is unquestionably an imperial theme, most blatantly expressed in his slogan, The New World Order and for 1991, the pax universalis† ( Tarplay, and Chaitkin 9). The main theme of his presidency is the formation and unification of a solitary and widespread empire that very much reflects the different stages of the Roman kingdom. In his speech, George Bush senior said, â€Å"The war in Iraq is a rare opportunity to move toward an historic period of cooperation. Out of these troubled times...a New World Order can emerge" (National Archives). To add to that, in his September 21, 1992 speech addressed to the United Nations he also urged the nations to develop and train military units as peacekeepers. He added that to be able to achieve this goal, each nation should work, train together and have coordinated efforts. These efforts refer to having a centralized command, control and operations on all aspects of any operation and communication. Through G.H.W Bush’s speech the Commission on Global Governance was created by the United Nations. Through this organization, a controversial report, Our Global Neighbourhood, was brought out in 1995. The report states reforms that will give the United Nations absolute power. It was also predicted in the report that there would be a world court, a unified tax system and a global police force. In short, world leaders are calling for a one world government. These were greatly criticized by many people but also, many people are unaware of these facts. Amazingly, after a decade from the George H.W. Bush speech, the United States was attacked on September 11, 2001. Adding to the mystery, it was during the presidency of George Bush senior’s son, George W. Bush, that the attacks accord. To many people, this is the continuation of the goal to establish a new world order by world leaders. Aside from the political aspects of the new world order, economy is also put into focus. This includes the control of oil, an international currency which would replace the US dollar. Moreover, there would be a world development fund that would provide equal finances to communist and free nations. This is where the World Bank and the Bank of International Settlements come into play. Some say that the global monetary crisis we are experiencing now is intended to institute a worldwide debt-based currency organized by global investors and distributed to individuals alongside biometric identification cards. Religion is another factor that is included in this new world order. It has an aim of introducing a new world religion. Some would postulate that the establishment of the World Council of Churches and the Parliament World Religions is to gain control of the world’s religion. Consequently, Barack Obama has been popularly linked to a new world order as well. Authors suggest that his administration has been building an international order. This is through empowering certain institutions and connections across the globe. If the Bush administration was assessed through the infamous Gulf War, the Libyan War functioned as an assessment of Obama’s governance. â€Å"The current dangerous situation in Libya has become a serious test for the international community’s resolve and credibility, especially in the context

Career Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Career Plan - Essay Example These alterations have further attracted the focus of the career planners towards issues concerning the regular job hours, stress level on-the-job, remunerations, growth opportunities as well as versatility in the job responsibilities. Following the determination of these aspects on the basis of the academic skills, cognitive competencies and economic abilities of the candidate, the career path is selected (Fogg, Harrington and Harrington 21-30). Considering these issues, I wish to select my career option as a corporate lawyer. However, owing to the fact that the industrial contexts are rapidly changing which might alter the attributes which I had considered when selecting upon the career option of a corporate lawyer, I have decided the job role of a law professor as my second career option. This paper will therefore attempt to discuss upon my career choices and their attributes which should be taken into concern when developing myself as a prospective candidate for the intended job positions. The strong inspirations to influence me for considering about corporate lawyer as a career option have been my family and friends who knew people from a similar career. Even the friends who were associated with businesses advised me to take up the option as a worthy career choice after identifying my skills and hard-working nature. Contextually, after reviewing various articles and consulting with my professors along with the people whom my friends knew as corporate lawyers, I was able to understand that the job responsibilities in relation to this particular career is quite challenging. Undoubtedly, the sustenance as well as the legal viability of a corporate entity relies upon the shoulders and competitiveness of the lawyer which further determines the livelihood of many people. I also observed that corporate lawyers in today’s highly competitive scenario need to handle multiple deals at once, which further creates

Procedural Email Message Assignment Essay Example for Free

Procedural Email Message Assignment Essay

Green Golf Traingle Sri Lanka Essay Example for Free

Green Golf Traingle Sri Lanka Essay The world Tourism arrivals grew by 4.4 % in 2011 to a total of 980Mn up from 939 M in 2010. Among the regions Asia lead with 6.1 % growth. Sri Lanka did well with 32% growth in 2011 and country is expected to reach 2.5 million tourist arrival by year 2016. The Development policy framework of the Government namely ‘Mahinda Chintana’ is committed to a sustainable tourism development. The strategic commitments of six year Tourism Development Strategy Plan is aimed to fulfill its ambitious vision to grow tourism arrivals to 2.5 million with USD 2. 75 billion foreign exchange earnings by 2016. The plan further emphasize the priorities outlined for Sri Lanka Tourism business plan 2011-2012, including encouraging regional visitation, investment attraction and attracting golfers from emerging markets such as China and India. Golf involves directly with the tourism offering golfing facilities in Sri Lanka. It was introduced Sri Lanka in the later part of the 19th century by the British Planters. Though there are growing awareness for environmental protection and sustainability, most of the tourism industry products are still far from achieving these ‘green’ objective. Hence the proposal of Green Golf Triangle is to give an achievable practical target to boost the ongoing discussion of environment sustainability. The main economic benefit that will accrue through the project will be increase of foreign exchange while attracting up market quality tourist. In addition development of this nature are important for regional developments, since they create social mobility and open new opportunities for employment. Objectives Recognize and promote Sri Lanka as a â€Å"Green Golf† destination in which visitors can play golf on three high-quality, environmentally-responsible courses. With this proposed project, Sri Lanka will become the first country anywhere in the world to have all of its courses recognized as environmentally responsible. The primary objective is to create sustainable recreation facility where visitors could come and enjoy a game of golf set within nature which provided in beautiful environmental friendly and sustainable setting. In other word to develop a unique recreational products which will cater to high end ‘niche’ market segment of tourism. Followings are some of the specific objectives that could be achieved by maintaining Green Golf Practices. †¢ It’s the law to maintain the environment and have ethical business practices †¢ Better government relations †¢ Better community relations †¢ Save money on running costs †¢ Good media angle †¢ Way to stand out from other courses in the region which will enhances positioning of Golf Tourism in Sri Lanka †¢ Enhances ability to attract regional International Golf tournaments †¢ Reinforces corporate positioning as a responsible tourism †¢ Collateral activities can be developed – nature walks, bird watching Present Policy The government development policy regarding tourism development is to ensure that tourist and recreational developments are socially and environmentally acceptable, and that the developments meets the needs of tourists and contributes to the overall policy and objectives of Sri Lanka tourism. Followings are some of the aspects that apply to all tourist activities. †¢ An Environmental impact assessment should be carried out for all projects and environmentally harmful measures relating to development and maintenance avoided †¢ Water Supply of all tourist projects should be adequate and sources of supply should be sustainable †¢ Electricity All establishment should be adequate and reliable. Environmentally friendly alternative sources , particular solar energy are encouraged †¢ Surface water Drainage should be adequate to remove surface water and collection and re-use should be incorporated into the design and operation where ever possible The proposed project of ‘Green Golf Triangle’ is very much in line with above stated government policies and standards. Therefore obtaining required approval and clearance will be hazel free process. Planning aspects Sri Lanka has positioned itself as a ‘green’ and ‘eco† destination. It also successfully structures tourist itineraries as â€Å"cultural triangles†. Sri Lanka Cultural triangle covers an area which includes very important world heritage site of scared cities of Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa and Kandy with Dambulla. The Cultural Triangle is visited by many pilgrims, both laymen and the clergy (prominently Buddhist), as well as by local and almost all foreign tourists to the country. In the same manner positioning of Green Golf Triangle should be developed and promoted.

Profiling And Investigating Serious Crimes Criminology Essay

Profiling And Investigating Serious Crimes Criminology Essay The attempt to locate an offender is one of the most important functions of a criminal investigation, geographic profiling is based on the assumption that victim selection is spatially biased toward an offenders home location. It will also explore the strengthens, weakness and the criticisms of geographic profiling. In order to do this it will critical analyse the theoretical underpinnings of geographical profiling, such as: rational activity theory; crime pattern theories. The rational activity theory is based on the idea that an offenders perceptions of the environment is very important in the decision making process. Is important to include the least effort principle, is based on the idea that an offender is more likely to act on the first or the closest opportunity. Crime pattern theory is based on the idea that an offender emphasizes the interaction of awareness of space or mental map of the spatial surroundings, and the distribution of suitable targets. According to Cohen and F elson (1979) this type of decision are not chosen randomly. This essay, will consider potential difficulties which may occur though the use of techniques in geographic profiling. It will also look at the use of statistical programmes to analyse spatial behaviour, and it will take into consideration the reliability, validity and utility of the application of this method. It will also exam the Rail Rapist case to illustrate how effective geographic profiling techniques it will be compared one of the best-known offender profiling failures in Britain which was the case of Rachel Nickell in 1992. According to Rossmo (1995, cited in Canter and Young, 2008, p.97) geographical profiling is a method through which target location patterns of serial violent offenders are used to establish spatial information about the offender, generally about the location of future offences or the offenders residence. Rossmos (1995, cited in Canter and Young, 2008) method of offender profiling tends to emphasize cases of serial nature only (i.e. murder, rape, arson, bombings). However, Ainsworth (2001, p.87) argues that: This technique will only be truly effective when the police have accurate data on each and every crime in a series. If not all crimes are recorded accurately, or are not recorded as having been committed by the same perpetrator, the technique will be much less useful. Geographic profiling can be seen as an outcome of environmental criminology, which tend to focus on how the perpetrators and their targets come across each other in time and space, this approach has little interest on the offenders motivations to engage in such activities (Bottoms and Wiles, 1992). Environmental criminology owes much to the concepts of social geography, particularly that of cognitive mapping; the process by which individuals learn about, remember and use knowledge about an area (Brantingham and Brantingham, 1984; Canter and Young, 2008). However, Rossmo (1999, p.88) indicates that this is not fully the case and proposes that: The representation is of the individuals subjective image of place (not a conventional map) and not only includes knowledge of features and spatial relationships but also reflects the individual preferences for attitudes towards places. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The product of this process, at any point in time, is a mental or cognitive map and can be shown cartographically as a perception surface. In this way individuals store subjective information about their spatial environment; every individual has their own mental map which is developed from their childhood to adult life, as they become more experienced the more extensive their internal map is going to be. Furthermore, most offenders prefer to carry out their activities in very familiar areas and through their routine daily activities, such as: where they work, friends and family homes, where they socialize, previous home address) individuals are likely to become very familiar with their neighbourhood, in this context an offender has to know well particular area before he decided to act (Rossmo, 1998). It is clear that some types of offences happen more often in certain places and at certain times. Furthermore, Cohen and Felson (1979) suggests that routine activity theory is based on the idea of that for a crime to be committed there must be a motivated offender, a suitable target and the absence of a suitable guardian against a violation. The implication is that, the manipulation of any of these elements will change peoples behaviour and also might prevent crime. Another factor which can strongly influence crime site choices is known by psychologists as the least effort principle or known by geographers as nearness principle. The principle of least effort, might suggest that people restrict their outputs of energy, both mental and physical, the minimum compatible with achieving his ends (Martinet, 1962, p.139). For example, people tend to go to nearby shops wherever possible, and they are less likely to visit relatives or friends that live far away, this is because of the time and effort involved in the journey from their own homes to their destination. However, if people have something in particular or special to buy they are willing to make an effort to go somewhere else to get it, even if that means travel longer than usual, the same principle applies to offenders they are also willing to travel longer distances, if the reward is greater. One of the strengths of crime place theories is that it can be easily used to assist police investigations, for example, Rossmo (1995) has suggested that a careful consideration of the exact location of a series of crime can be helpful in identifying the most likely area in which an offender lives or works. The aim of geographic profiling is not to give the specific identity of the offender; instead the aim is to narrow the field of the investigation and suggest the type of person who committed the crime (Douglas et al, 1986). Rossmos (1995) work established that a computer mapping system known as Criminal Geographic Targeting (CGT), which assesses the spatial characteristics of a crime based on these principles, could indicate the area in which a serial offender is likely to be living. Rossmo (1995) indicates that the crucial constants and exponents in the decay functions on which his software is built are empirically determined. The programme predictive power is related to the numb er of crime sites, and the more sites the better. However, Rossmo (1995) does not provide full information on what the empirical basis of this determination is nor does he make it clear if the same exponent is used in all calculations. As Turvey (1999) suggests, geographical profiling, like trait analysis or future crime prediction, relies heavily on a particular manifestation of behaviour for example, offence location selection) and attempts to infer meaning from the overall emotional context. He believes that, geographical profiling cannot differentiate between two similar offenders working in the same area and might wrongly allocate crimes to the wrong person. As an implication, it can make the Criminal Justice System ineffective. Therefore, this type of technique can be only truly effective when the police have an accurate data of each and every case of crime in series. To support Rossmos (1995) arguments of the success of geographic profiling, this essay it will exam at the case of John Duffy the so called railway rapist (cited in Ainsworth, 2001, p.9). Duff had committed a series of rapes and three murders in the Greater London area between 1983 and 1986, the police resources devoted to the task of solving these crimes were enormous, yet little real progress had been made in the hunt for the attacker. Psychologist Canter (1994) cited in Ainsworth (2001) was called in to aid the police investigation, Canter had little to go in terms of where to start, yet he used a number of psychological principles and sifted though the large amount of data collected by the police. He eventually, produced a profile of the sort of individual whom he felt the police should be looking for. Canter suggested that the attacker lived in the area near to area of first crime; probably live with a woman; in his mid to late 20s; right-handed; semi-skilled or skilled job with weekend work; great knowledge of railway; had previous criminal record (maybe arrested between October 1982 and January 1984). It turned out that the offender lived in the area suggested by Canter; aged late 20s; recently separated from his wife; right-handed; travelling carpenter employed by British Rail. Canter (1994), believes that through the crime essential clues are left behind and the unique personality of the offender shows through in some ways. Thus, it is thought that the way in which the crime is committed is in part a reflection of the everyday behaviour of the individual. Ainsworth (2001, p.95) points out, that considering the case of John Duffy, we can see how a detailed knowledge of the patterns of his crimes was helpful in understanding his behaviour. Canter (1994), was able to establish that the three first crimes formed a triangle within which he probably lived. In contradiction, one of the best-known offender profiling failures in Britain was the case of Rachel Nickell. Rachel Nickell was a young woman who was brutally murdered in mid-morning while walking on Wimbledon Common in south London in July 1992. As part of the investigation into the killing, a profile was commissioned from Paul Britton, a clinical psychologist (cited in Ormerod, 1995). A suspect was eventually identified and it was noted that he seemed to fit the profile well. An elaborate operation, drawing partly but not only on the profile, was put together in which a police woman befriended the socially isolated and inadequate suspect, offering the promise of an intimate relationship in exchange for descriptions of his sexual fantasies and a confession that he murdered the woman on the Common. The confession was not forthcoming, but he was still arrested. The case fell apart because of the lack of evidence and because the psychological profile did not work in this case. As an implication, geographical profiling involves objective measures, it still relies on individual interpretation, which makes it subject to the interpreters knowledge and expertise. The Duffy example shows that in some cases but not all, profiling can be beneficial, however it not right to assume that the results are always going to be successful in every single case. Holmes and Holmes believe that offender profiling tend to be more useful when there is a psychopathology involved, for example; a sadistic assault, and go even further by stating that: Profiling has three major goals. These attempt to provide the criminal justice system with information, especially; first, a social and psychological of the offender; second, a psychological evaluation of possessions found with suspected offenders; third, consultation with law enforcement officials on the strategies which might best be employed when investigating suspects. (Holmes and Holmes, 1999, p.156) It is very difficult to predict when a case is going to be successful or not, however even if a profiler proves to be fifty per cent correct, how can this be counted as success or failure? And what if any other information used in the investigation provided by a profiler it helps in catching a criminal is this considered successful?, even if the rest of the information provided have no use for the investigation? To conclude, this essay has provided relative information about how geographic offender profiling and criminal mapping have to offer to its practitioners. This idea of crime mapping it can be seen as relatively new, and have been only made possible thanks to the introduction of software programmes such as, Criminal Geographic Targeting (CGT), however some authors suggested that crime mapping is experiencing a large amount of interest among professional and academics. This essay considered how important the relationship between crime, space and time are which can be seen as strength or a criticism at the same time, because it moves away from the offender and focus in the location where crime occurs. However, as suggested in this essay, is very difficult to collect a complete accurate picture, this approach tends to rely on exact amount of data collected by the police, sometimes public may not report the crime accurately or not report it at all or even the police might also fail to record or even miss-record crime on its real location. Another criticism is that while geographical profiling involves objective measures, it still relies on individual interpretation, which makes it subject to the interpreters knowledge and expertise. It is clear that some offences happen more often in certain places and at certain times, and the way in which crime occur is rarely random, is important to have a better understanding of why offenders tend to offend in particular places at certain time. By examining the Railway Rapist case is obvious that a better understanding of patterns of his crime helped Canter to establish a profile, however is important to establish that geographic profiling is not always successful. The way in which individuals store subjective information about their spatial environment; every individual has their own mental map which is developed from their childhood to adult life, as they become more experienced the more extensive their internal map is going to be.

Essay --

Tough times challenged a boy like Jesse James growing up in Missouri. Internal conflicts during the Civil War devastated the state. Missouri, a border state, tried to stay neutral, but it seemed that the people of Missouri held different ideas. Violence broke out between southern sympathizers who wanted to secede and those loyal to the Union. Jesse James, best known as a dangerous and ruthless thief, murdered many innocent people, but many in the deep south continued to regard him as a hero. Some compared James to Robin Hood and admired him for his daring deeds. Jesse James, like many of his contemporaries, experienced an innocent early childhood, until the atrocities of the Civil War transformed him into the marauder that history portrayed. Born in Clay County Missouri on September 5, 1847 to Zerelda and Robert James, Jesse Woodson James entered his life in innocence. Only three years after the birth of Jesse, Robert James contracted cholera and died shortly after leaving the family in debt. To keep the family afloat Zerelda married a wealthy farmer Benjamin Simms, but the marriage proved to be an unhappy union. In 1854, after Zerelda left Simms, Simms died from the injuries related to being thrown from his horse. Jesse, yet again, became fatherless. Zerelda’s final marriage took place in 1855 when she married Dr. Ruben Samuel. Conflicts between Secessionists and Loyalists erupted throughout Missouri. Unlike in other states where neighbors joined together in arms to fight for the Union or the Confederacy, in Missouri neighbors and lifelong family friends eyed each other with suspicion as they enlisted in regiments on opposites sides. Missouri also possessed a strong unionist influence from the German immigrants in St. Louis he... ..., the author of the letter is not verified but is assumed to be written by Jesse James. The letter showed the mindset of the robbers or was written to give support to the idea that the â€Å"bold-robbers† were not thieves and indeed resembled robin hood. In the letter, Jesse James apologized for the tragic accident of wounding the young girl, and said that he would personally pay for the medical treatment which helps his image with the public. He later compares himself with other great leaders such as Ceasar, Napoleon, and Alexander the Great, as they were all bold-robbers. Lastly he contrasts his actions with that of the president, trying to prove his resemblance to robin hood. He says that he is stealing from the rich, and giving back to the poor, while the Grant Party is stealing from the poor and giving to the rich. (Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War [Online])

Ethics in Teaching :: Education Philosophy

Ethics in Teaching Ethics should be a main concern when a teacher is deciding how to teach and what he/she plans on teaching. Ethics are the morals that a person believes in. A central concern is a main idea. I looked up pedagogy in the dictionary and its definition is the state or art of teaching. Therefore, when I hear the phrase, "Ethics must be seen as a central concern of critical pedagogy," said by Henry A. Giroux, I believe that he means morals used in teaching need to be looked upon with high regards and also very carefully when a teacher is teaching. Ethics in teaching can have both positive and negative effects for the students. I believe that teachers in elementary school and middle school should set an example for their students. They can do this by being responsible, treating people fairly, and respecting their elders. When a students sees his/her teacher doing this, the student will then want to be like the teacher and follow the teachers example. Several students do not have very positive environments at their homes. The teachers may be the students only image of a good citizen. Once a student gets into high school, he/she has already developed his/her own morals and values. This is a time when a teacher can get into a lot of trouble when giving his/her opinion on certain subjects such as religion, race, and abortion. The teacher should try to avoid talking about these topics if at all possible. The teachers should still act as an example of good human being for the children by treating people fairly, being courteous, and being responsible. In Freire’s Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Freire often talks about two contrasting teaching styles. One involves a banking concept where the teacher lectures all of the time and tries to put the information into the student’s head as if he/she was a robot.

Science and Technology in Reflections and Enemies of Promise :: Reflections Enemies

Science and Technology in Reflections and Enemies of Promise      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The controversy over science is the central argument in both Max Born's "Reflections" and J. Michael Bishop's "Enemies of Promise." Science and technology have greatly influenced and improved the way people live in a society. However, while Born argues that science is the essence of the "breakdown of human civilization" (208), Bishop strongly disagrees with Born's views: that scientists must take responsibility for their inventions and discoveries. Born's essay partly portrays a negative view towards scientists and science. It shows examples of inventions along with their negative effects towards nature and the world. For example, "medicine has overcome most plagues and epidemic diseases and it has doubled the human lifespan within a single generation: the result . . . catastrophic overpopulation" (Born 209). On the other hand, Bishop believes that science has a more positive impact on the world. To him, "We live in an age of scientific triumph. Science has solved many of nature's puzzles and greatly enlarged human knowledge" (237). Bishop's view is right. But a point of similarity between the two works is   that to be a true scientist one needs a complete education, which includes humanistic subjects like literature, art, philosophy, history, religion, and music. For instance in Born's words, "Scientists should not be cut off from humanistic thinking" (212), for it has "insights to offer into the human condition" (Bishop 238). Here both agree.    Another strong argument is that society's judgment of science is clouded by ignorance. "It blames science for what are actually the failures of individuals or society to use the knowledge that science has provided. The blame is misplaced" (Bishop 239). For example, the government spends millions of dollars on the tobacco industry even though it is a proven scientific fact that tobacco kills. This shows that some people only want to misuse scientific products, so they should be prepared to take responsibility for their action and not blame it on science as Born implies.    Although Born's "Reflections" and Bishop's "Enemies of Promise" share some similar points the main focus of each work is quite different. In "Reflections", Born "confesses a sense of responsibility for the break down in human civilization" (208).

Copper Metal

Copper is an element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29. Copper is classified in periodic table: Its element category is transition metal; Its group is 11; Its period is 4; Its atomic weight is 63. 546. Copper metal and alloys have been used for thousands of years. Physical properties:- Copper has a characteristic reddish brown color. Its density is 8. 93 g cm. Its melting point is 1083`C. It is highly malleable and ductile at ordinary temperature. It is a very good conductor of heat and electricity. It is the best conductor among all the metals.Chemical properties:- Copper does not react with water, but it reacts with oxygen slowly forming the brown-black copper oxide. Occurrence:- Copper can be found as native copper and a part of minerals. Native copper is a polycrystal. There are many kinds of copper-containing minerals: chalcopyrite and chalcocite are copper sulfides, azurite and malachite are copper carbonates and cuprite is a copper oxide. Recycling:- Copper can be recycl ed without lose of quality. Copper are world's mostly recycled. Uses of copper:-Copper is mostly used as a metal, but when a higher hardness is required it is combined with other elements to make an al alloy such as brass and bronze. Copper is used in refrigerators and air conditioning systems. Computer heat sinks are made out of copper because it is able to absorb a high amount of heat. Magnetrons, found in microwave ovens, contain copper. As a good conductor of electricity, copper is used in Copper wire, electromagnets and electrical relays and switches. Copper is a great water-proof roofing material.It has been used for this purpose since ancient times. Some structures, such as the Statue of Liberty, are made with copper. Copper is sometimes combined with nickel to make a corrosion resistant material that is used in shipbuilding. Copper is used in lightning rods. These attract lightning and cause the electrical current to be dispersed rather than striking, and possibly destroying , a more important structure. Copper is often used to color glass. It is also one component of ceramic glaze. Many musical instruments, are made out of copper.

Basic Outline For 2006 Customer Update Email

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Neurotransmitters on Physical and Mental Behavior Essay

Our physical and mental behavior is controlled by what is called Neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters are described as free floating chemicals in our brain transmit signals in the synapse, a junction that permits a neuron to pass electrical signals to other cells. In this paper I will identify four major neurotransmitters, such as the dopamine, acetylcholine, gaba and glutamate. Plus, I will analyze their function, and evaluate their impact on physical and mental behavior. Neurotransmitters are stored in minute sac called vesicles located at the end of axons. When an impulse, reaches the end of the axon, the vesicles discharge a neurotransmitter into a space between the cells. Also, neurotransmitters spread across the synapse and attach to receptors in the receiving cell that are designed for the neurotransmitter. Furthermore, the cell may be stimulated or the opposite may occur which can inhibited the cell from transmitting the impulse. (science. Jrank. org, 2011) The neurotransmitter dopamine is stored in the synapse vessels and is prevalent in the brain and the nervous system. Also, it is involved in muscle control and function, and when dopamine levels are low, it can cause loss of motor. In addition, it can cause depression, addictions, cravings, compulsions, low sex drive, poor attention and focus. (Integrative Psychiatry, 2011) The neurotransmitter acetylcholine carries nerve impulses across an opening between the synapse. â€Å"Acetylcholine is also one of the neurotransmitters that play a very important role in memory† â€Å"its main use if for control of sensory input signals and muscular control. It is also known as a stimulatory neurotransmitter. Also, when muscle nerves release acetylcholine, it makes the muscles contract. The drugs Tolterodine, SSRIs and cannabinoids that are used to treat the symptoms of multiple sclerosis operate by modifying the functioning of acetylcholine. (Acetylcholine. org, 2011) Sometimes the brain experiences an excess of nervous tension and stress, this can be caused by an abundance of adrenaline. To counterbalance the additional adrenaline, the brain produces a neurotransmitter called GABA which is the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It helps the neurons mend after transmission, and decrease anxiety and stress. GABA is a significant mood modulator and has inhibitory effects upon the nervous system. (NeuroGenesis, 2011) Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain which is necessary for learning and memory. When glutamate is at a low level it can lead to weariness and poor brain function. But, when glutamate is increased it can cause death to the neurons in the brain. â€Å"Dysfunction in glutamate levels are involved in many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Tourette’s. High levels also contribute to Depression, OCD, and Autism. † (Integrative Psychiatry, 2011) Neurotransmitters plays a vital role in our physical and mental behavior, and eating a healthy diet and taking the proper supplement can help our brain and physical being to function properly.

Three Human Skills A Administrative Medical Assistant Needs To Possess

Three skills an Administrative Medical Assistant needs to possess are planning, strategy and effective communication. Planning is a criterion that is required in the job description of a medical assistant. Medical Assistants should be able to plan appointments for the specified times needed for the availability a patient needs. Medical assistants should also be able to plan well for ordering medical supplies, if a medical assistant does not have planning or organizational skills the company he or she is working for will be out supplies and cannot care for the patients or use the materials needed to complete everyday tasks.Strategy is a skill that medical assistants need to possess in everyday job experiences. Strategy is something that every person uses on a day to day basis. A good medical assistant should be able to strategize to achieve any goal he or she desires. Working in the medical field there are chaotic days that a person needs to be able to make quick and accurate decision s within an instant. Medical assistants need to be able to strategize each course of action he or she needs to decides and it needs to be accurate and effective because the company is in stake of each strategic decision.Communication is a skills that every person possess however to be a good medical assistant effective communication is important. Medical assistants use communication at the office answering phones, planning patient’s appointments, and greeting patients with professional hospitability. The medical assistant is the first person a patient see’s when entering the office everyday therefore a medical assistant needs to possess the abilities to understand, listen and control the behavior of other individuals and groups.Medical assistants should be understanding of patient’s complaints and should have the ability to be a good listener and give professional feedback to the patients. Patients sometimes need someone other than family members and friends to listen and understand their problems and situations and as a professional healthcare employee medical assistants need to possess these skills.

Parenting Skills Essay

What financial needs are parents obligated to provide and which are optional? The financial needs that parents are obligated to provide include nutritious food, shelter, clothing, and health care. The ones that are optional are luxury items such as summer classes, piano lessons, or various electronic items. 3. What other needs might a child have that a parent is expected to provide? Parents are also required to provide safety and security for their child. 4. What are the qualities of a nurturing parent? Qualities of a nurturing parent include retaining a healthy self-esteem so that their child has a basis for self-esteem, a sense of empathy for their child, a way to successfully enforce disciplinary codes, and an understanding of acceptable maturity levels for their child. Critical Thinking Questions 1. What qualities make a person a good parent? A bad parent? The qualities that make a good parent are listening skills, understanding of maturity levels, reasonable mind, and a good education and career. Qualities that make a bad parent include a bad temper or short temper, low education, and ideas of achieving their own goals above their child’s. 2. Which parental responsibilities do you think would be the most challenging? Why? The parental responsibilities that I think would be the most challenging would be having a job that is good enough to afford a child. This is because it is hard to maintain a good job while having a child and still be there for the child emotionally and physically while bringing in a decent paycheck. 3. Which parental responsibilities do you think would be the most interesting to you? Why? The parental responsibilities that I think will be the most interesting to me the education of life skills. It is interesting to think that a child picks up on habits so easily and they can use those skills for the rest of their life. 4. What are some things that people can do to prepare for parenthood? Some things people can do to prepare for parenthood is further their education and get a career. Also, they need to make sure both parties in the relationship want a child. However, no one is ever truly prepared for a child.

Archaeology Home work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Archaeology Home work - Essay Example Anthropology entails studying the life of man. Studying the life of man entails looking into man’s behavior and traits, also known as culture, and man’s physical characteristics. Anthropologists get answers ascribed to humans by living within communities and examining them. Archaeology, on the other hand, is about studying the history of man, which is the origin of humanity and the evolution of man through examining the physical remains of their existence. These remains include tools and buildings. One of the greatest challenges that archeologists face is acquiring knowledge on the interpretation of material culture in relation to humans (Renfrew & Bahn, 2012, 12). For instance, archaeologists may discover historical tools but fail to interpret with accuracy how man used them. To understand man’s use of specific material artefacts, ethnography has become a part of archaeology. Ethno archeology enables archeologists to live within communities so that they develop a better understanding of the use of material culture. Archaeology qualifies both as a science and as a humanity. Archaeology qualifies as a science through its involvement in the collection of evidence, performing experiments, the formulation of a working hypothesis and undertaking additional tests on this hypothesis against additional data, and finally coming up with a deduction. In addition to that, archeology employs scientific methods such as radiocarbon dating, which helps to estimate the date when an artifact existed, scientific analyses and experiments undertaken on residues found in pots. Archaeology has developed greatly in the recent past, expanding the field it covers from the earliest periods to the later times. Archeology serves to not only provide an insight into the life of man as it was more than 10, 000 years in the past, but also helps in explaining human civilization (Renfrew & Bahn, 2012, pg15). One of the most

Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Acipenser gueldenstaedtii - Assignment Example The use of chemical agents for the treatment of the disease has been limited mainly owing to its less effective nature on the parasite, toxicity to fishes and cost of the treatment process. However, several compounds have been tested for their toxicity both under in vitro conditions and as in-feed components including the mucolytic compound L-cysteine ethyl ester but most of these compounds were either not commercially viable or lacked efficacy. One compound that was found to be both non-toxic and efficacious was bithionol, a phenolic compound which significantly reduced the pathology of the disease when administered as an in-feed compound. The current study examined the efficacy of oral administration of bithionol along with the standard freshwater bath treatment and also to deduce the rate of re-infection The study used mixed-sex, diploid Atlantic salmons with a mean mass of 130.4g and they were acclimatized to sea water conditions over a period of 3 weeks in an aquaculture center. A total of 396 Atlantic salmon (AS) were equally allocated into 9 tanks which were present as three separate ultraviolet light-treated sea water systems. The tanks received constant aeration and the fishes were allowed to acclimatize for 1 week within these systems and were fed with a commercial feed to satiation before commencing the experiment. Each tank was then randomly allocated a treatment and the treatment groups included a control which was a commercial diet with oil, prophylactic bithionol and therapeutic bithionol. The fishes were fed at 1% of their body weight and the daily and weekly feed intake was determined. The feeding was continued for 14 days after which the fishes were exposed to the Neoparamoeba spp., which were isolated from the gills of infected AS by removing the amoeba from the gill s followed by centrifugation and concentration. This

The Impact of Stock Markets on Economic Growth Essay

The Impact of Stock Markets on Economic Growth - Essay Example This paper describes the mechanism of the of the impact of stock market on long-term economic indicators, regarding the growth of the economy. Main channels of stock markets influence on economic growth of a country are specified. It is known that stock markets are connected with the economic growth through the creation of liquidity. It means that really profitable investments demand just long-turn capital commitment, but investors don’t want to relinquish their capital for such long time without any control. Actually liquid stock markets make their investments more secure and in such way more attractive. Stock markets allow investors to acquire equity (an asset) and then to sell it rather quickly and without any problems. Liquid stock markets facilitate long-term investments and make them more profitable. It is apparent that stock markets are necessary and important for growth, because they improve capital allocation and in such a way they enhance prospects for long-term economic development. Stock markets as it was mentioned above make investments more secure and attractive. Actually well-functioning stock market is useful and necessary for economic development through following issues: growth of investments and savings, effective and efficient resources allocation, better distribution and utilization of existing resources. Volatility of stock markets had negative influence in France and Japan. Stock market volatility didn’t affect greatly the United Kingdom. Concerning Germany the volatility was stated to be insignificant.

MRP Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MRP - Assignment Example (Axsater, 2006). Especially in case of manufacturing industry, proper and efficient inventory management is one of the most important tasks. (Miller, et al, 2010). Therefore, various inventory management systems and procedures have been devised to assist the organizations with this challenging job. Some are manual; others are computer-based; while some can be used both ways. (Heisig, 2002). One of the popular inventory management systems is Material Requirements Planning. MRP or Material Requirements Planning basically focuses on managing the manufacturing process in terms of consumption of inventory and effective and efficient production of final goods. It is a computer based system; however, it can also be handled manually, if needed. (Heisig, 2002). It is a system that helps make sure that the right amount of raw materials and other required resources are available for production of the final goods, at all times in order to avoid any delays. (Axsater, 2006). It also helps minimize the level of excessive inventory and helps chart the near-to-exact amount of inventory needed for manufacturing process.

Tourism is becoming increasingly important as a source of income to Research Paper

Tourism is becoming increasingly important as a source of income to many countries but its disadvantages should not be overlooked - Research Paper Example Imported influence facilitates adoption of imported systems that deny the local promotion of local contents, for instance local music. Tourism is associated with shifts in population hence creating imported character behaviors. Tourism is sought to be a cause of immoral behavior and crime (Morgan, 2013). Tourism create deep influences in many ways, for example, the manner in which people dress is in many occasions influenced by the way tourists dress. The traditional or national manners in which people used to dress is slowly fading away to the tourism manners of dressing. Tourism also influences the spoken languages in many places (Morgan, 2013). Certain vocabularies of a nation end up being corroded by the influences introduced by tourists in different parts. The tourists create dents in the manner in which people address each other or speak to each other. They create different versions of words that are adopted in the communities. The adoption of heavy words that are insulting and abusive or disrespectful are adopted in the normal speeches of people making them part of the today culture (Morgan, 2013). Tourists are attributed for causing environmental damage especially in terms of wild fires in forests. The same tourists are responsible for the destruction of certain facilities such as the sand dunes in desert attractions. Tourism has also brought environmental pollution causing contamination of the environment. Tourism also undermines different cultures in different ways. One of the ways is commercializing culture which increases the level of litter, graffiti and vandalism. Tourism also comes with noise pollution and disrespect of local culture (Morgan,

India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

India - Essay Example (Andrea and Overfield, 71). The rock edicts of Ashoka reflect the emperor’s strong adherence to the fundamental teachings of Buddhism. He unequivocally asserts that all the benevolent actions he has undertaken as a king have but one objective: â€Å"that the people might practice the Dhamma† (Dhammika, the Seven Pillar Edicts, 7). He urges his subjects to respect and practice Dharma. Although Ashoka does not explicitly expound on Buddha’s teachings, his exhortations to his subjects are undoubtedly based on the Eightfold Path. Ashoka’s edicts list the dictates of Dharma: â€Å"proper behavior towards servants and employees, respect for father and mother, generosity towards friends, companions, relations, Brahmans and ascetics, and not killing living beings† (Dhammika, Fourteen Rock Edicts, 11). All this obviously falls under ‘Right Conduct.’ Again, Ashoka emphasizes â€Å"restraint in speech† (Dhammika, Fourteen Rock Edicts, 12) a nd that â€Å"the truth should be spoken† (Dhammika, Minor Rock Edicts, 2), in deference to ‘Right Speech.’ He urges is subjects towards ‘Right Endeavor’: â€Å"Great fruit will result from doing your duty† (Dhammika, Kalinga Rock Edicts, 1). Ashoka’s desire that his subjects practice â€Å"Kindness, generosity, truthfulness, purity, gentleness and goodness† (Dhammika, Seven Pillars, 7) expresses his hope that Buddhist Dharma will be adopted by all in his kingdom. Ashoka’s edicts define dharma as following the Eightfold Path. In the context of the Bhagavad Gita, Dharma is defined as â€Å"the moral imperative of caste duty† (Andrea and Overfield, 67). The performance of one’s duty, as prescribed by one’s caste, is the highest moral obligation, and the best way to worship God. â€Å"Every man intent on his own respective duties obtains perfection† (Andrea and Overfield, 68). Krishna states that the man who transcends the physical senses, and maintains detachment attains bliss. The way to eternal happiness is to

Meditech Surgical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Meditech Surgical - Essay Example Subsequently, there were problems associated with manufacturing. All the manufacturing sections manufactured products in reference to the calculated or estimated forecasts. However, the calculation of these forecasts was a lengthy process and hence manufacturing could also take long (Kaminsky, 2008). Problems with introduction of new products and manufacturing were driven systematically by the lack of effective communication between Meditech and their associates in business. This ineffective communication translated to Meditechs inability to track stocks in the market hence they could not organize and direct deliveries and production of other products in time. Organizationally, these problems were driven by the lack of a proficient and well organized system of estimating projections, productions, and maintaining their customers happy (Kaminsky, 2008). The customer service manager was the first person to recognize the major issues as he was in charge of the department responsible for receiving calls of dissatisfaction from their distributors and retailers. The customer service manager has a direct contact with these associates (Kaminsky, 2008). In fixing this problem, I would ensure the development of a system that would ensure proper storage of information or data in a bid to make calculation of projections simpler and timely. Additionally, it would be imperative to implement better communication systems that would ensure the tracking of stock in the hands of the distributors and retailers. Tracking how stock is moving would ensure deliveries are made on time and productions made

Emerging Technology Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Emerging Technology - Term Paper Example This paper talks about the meaning, history, application, and limitations among other aspects of nanotechnology. Definition, Meaning and History of Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is basically defined as engineering that deals with functional systems at a molecular scale. It can also be defined as the ability of the engineers to make new attributes by controlling features at a nanometre scale (Davies 1). This is the technology that has been used to manufacture the microsystems which have reduced voluminous devices into modern day small devices. Nanotechnology is not only able to produce small devices but also devices which produce minimal waste (Davies 1). Although nanotechnology has gained momentum in the second half of the 20th century, it was James Clerk Maxwell who first toyed with the idea in 1967 (Knol 3). He had called for an experiment of small entities with an aim of handling person molecules. Richard Adolf Zsigmondy became the first person to use nanometer to characterize par ticle sizes in 1914. Modern nanotechnology was suggested by Richard Feynman in 1959 (Knol 2). He brought forth the notion of constructing devices and machines in molecular scale. Gordon Moore went ahead to predict how modern day circuitry would look like in 1965. He did this through his rule which has been practical for 50 years. The nanotechnology applied today was defined by Tokyo Science University lecturer, Norio Taniguchi in 1974 (Knol 3). He defined nanotechnology as the process involving separation, consolidation, and deformation of supplies by use of one molecule or atom. This was followed by discoveries such as the Finns’ atomic layering process. Recognition of this process by the entire scientific community put nanotechnology on the map. Application of nanotechnology was first done by Eric Drexler, a famous nanotechnological scientist, using the idea of molecular manufacturing (Knol 4). He argued that molecules would be a tight collection of marbles if atoms were ta ken to be marbles as represented in figure 1. This saw the molecules become standard scaled tools. These nanoscale tools worked in the same way as their significant counterparts irrespective of their size. The bonds between atoms could hold them together to form parts of nano machines. Drexler had visualized that these nano bots would be used as assemblers so as to place atoms into any desired shape. Drexler went ahead to argue that coal could be modified to diamond and computer chips could be formed from sand. He also explained that the process of manufacturing goods would be quickened by reorganizing the atoms that make them. This ignited the minds of many scientist who consequently devoted their time to develop nanotechnology and its applications we they are seen today. Fig. 1: Tight collection of marbles/atoms Courtesy of hplusmagazine.com Recent Business Applications of Nanotechnology Nanotechnology has had widespread applications in all sectors of the economy. Due to its prove d success in the manufacture of nanometer scale products, it has attracted all industries. Currently, it is the leading in production and application of

My Dad.. My Hero Essay Example for Free

My Dad.. My Hero Essay Today, 16th June, Fathers Day will be celebrated across the world- a day dedicated to those men who are an integral part of a childs life. While the mother is always acclaimed for the role of being a homemaker and bringing up children with the right values, the father plays a silent role of being a hero. Though we may not understand this role when we are young, but the fact is it our father who has groomed us to be the person we are today. Each of his actions or words subtly leaves an impression in our mind and without realizing we follow it. While the caring role of a mother continues to remain through our growing years. During our childhood he protects us from all the problems we fear to face. He is our provider, our Man Friday who has a solution to all our anxieties. As we grow up he evolves to be our friend and a guardian angle who not only protects but also let us make our mistakes and learn from them. As the years pass and we move on in different stages he set the tone and makes us ready to accept the practical aspects that life throws up at us. holding our hands in that big, strong hand makes everything right in the world. Fathers are usually compared to the coconut shell which has a hard exterior and a very soft interior. Yes this is exactly what they are .. and I tell this from my personal experience. As I evolved through life, I saw my father evolving me- accepting me with my mistakes, comforting me with his words and keeping me smile with his his little thoughts and actions. Wherever he goes my father leaves an indelible impression on all those he met. His warm and selfless nature will make any unknown person a friend and I learnt the lesson of accepting people without trying to change them. My Dad is an encyclopedia of facts and knowledge. He believes that reading is the only way to widen our knowledge and he made it a point to bring all sorts of books for me to read, whatever the price and I learnt the lesson that knowledge is priceless.. His dedication to his work and his family was out-of-this world and even today his office colleagues vouch for the perfection in which my dad executed his responsibilities. At the same time, I have seen him always being there for us whenever we needed him. He is a good luck charm and so I would insist on him accompanying me for all my exams and he always did that with a smiling face. Here, he taught me a lesson of balancing and prioritizing goals and responsibilities alike.. to make a good identity in public through in studies, through my family values.. The biggest joy for him has always been the smiles of his dear ones and even today he will go out of his way to ensure the smile remains through the years, the crucial lessons I am learning from him, evolving into a person I am and today when people say you just be like your father, there is no greater joy I feel.. because I always want to be like you my dad

Theories to explain narcissistic personality disorder

Theories to explain narcissistic personality disorder Theories are explanations of cause-effect relationship of human phenomenon. A well-developed theory presents a set of testable propositions stating the relationships of variables producing a phenomenon i.e. it should be capable of explaining the dynamics of human behaviour. All theories of human behaviour are not alike. They do not enjoy equal status both in dimensions and depth. Some are major theories, others are mini theories, and still others are simply concepts. For example, psychoanalytic theory and reinforcement theory are major theories; cognitive dissonance theory and attribution theory are mini theories; and complementary theory of attraction and narcissistic theory of personality disorder are simply concepts. We take up Freudian psychoanalytic theory first. Freuds (1910, 1911) first explicit formulation of narcissism conceived it is a normal phase of development standing midway between autoeroticism and object love. During this transitory period, initially diverse and unconnected autoerotic sensations were fused into what was experienced as ones body, which then become a single, unified love-object. In 1914 Freud aligned narcissism with libido theory and proposed that it ultimately matured and diffused into object relationships. Shortly thereafter he reformulated his thinking on the developmental sequence and spoke of the autoerotic phase as the primary narcissistic condition. This first phase became the initial repository of libido from which emerged not only the love of self but love in general. In time narcissism was conceived by Freud as a universal developmental process that continued through life but unfolded through se ­quential stages. He recognized that difficulties may arise in this normal, sequential progression. First, the re may be failures to advance from li ­bidinal self-love to object-love, and, second, pe ­culiarities may occur in the way the person expresses narcissistic love. Freud (l914/ I925) described this latter difficulty as follows: We have found, especially in persons whose libidinal development has suffered some disturbance, as in perverts and homosexuals that in their choice of love-object they have taken as their model not the mother; but their own selves. They are plainly seek ­ing themselves as love object and their type of object choice may be termed narcissistic. (p. 45) In this only major paper devoted exclusively to narcissism, Freud (1914) suggested that in certain casesnotably among perverts and ho ­mosexuals libidinal self-centeredness stems from the childs feeling that caretakers cannot be depended on to provide love reliably. Either re ­buffed by their parents or subjected to fickle and erratic attention (seductive one moment and dep ­recating the next) these children give up as far as trusting and investing in others as love-objects. Rather than rely on the capriciousness of others or risk their rejection, these youngsters avoid the lasting attachment they achingly desire and de ­cide instead that it is only themselves they can trust and therefore love. In light of current debates within psychoana ­lytic circles, it is important to note that the devel ­opmental origin of the term narcissism described here was only one of several concepts that Freud posited as the source of libidinal self-cathexis. Moreover, the paper was not written for the purpose of formulating either a narcissistic personal ­ity type or a narcissistic character structure. Rather, Freuds interest lay in exploring and elaborating variations in both the development and the nature of libidinal cathexis. As far as clinical syn ­dromes were concerned, he referred in this paper to characteristics observed among paraphrenics (paranoid schizophrenics), megalomaniacs, and hypochondriacs. When Freud wrote, for the first time in 1931, about narcissistic libidinal type, he de ­scribed this individual as follows: The main interest is focused on self-preservation; the type is independent and not easily overawed, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦People of this type impress others, being personalities; it is on them that their fellow men are specially likely to lean; they readily as ­sume the role of leader, give a fresh stimulus to cultural development or break down existing con ­ditions. (p. 249) What is striking in this quote is Freuds charac ­terization of the narcissists strength and confi ­dence, especially since it contrasts so markedly with the low self-esteem, feelings of emptiness, pain, and depression that certain of his recent disci ­ples (Forman, 1975; Kohut, 1971) attribute to this personality, Disparities in characterizations such as these often arise as a consequence of shifts in Freuds formulations from one period to another: over his productive and long career. In this case, it can be traced to the fact that Freud identified sev ­eral origins of narcissistic self-cathexis, only one of which is the type of parental caprice and rejec ­tion that may lead to feelings of emptiness and low self-esteem. As evident from earlier excerpts, and as later elaborated further, Freuds description of the narcissistic libidinal type, brief though it is, corresponds much more closely to the DSM-III portrayal of the narcissistic personality than do several contemporary characterizations that trace their antecedents to either parental rebuff or unreliability. Relevant to this issue is a Freuds view that that narcissistic self-investment is more likely to be a prod ­uct of parental overvaluation than of parental devaluation. Moving back somewhat to the 1920s, we find three analytically oriented theorists who addressed the concept of a narcissistic personality. Wilhelm Reich claimed to have first formulated what he termed the phallic-narcissistic character at a Vienna Psychoanalytic Society meeting in 1926, although Waelder (1925) made reference to narcis ­sistic personality features in an earlier paper focusing on the mechanisms of the psychotic process. According to Kernberg (1967) narcissists present an unusual degree of self-ref ­erence in their interactions with other people, a great need to be loved and admired by others and a curious apparent contradiction between a very in ­flated concept of themselves and an inordinate need for tribute from others. Their emotional life is shallow. They experience little empathy for the feelings of others, they obtain very little enjoyment from life other than from the tributes they receive from others or from their own grandiose fantasies, and they feel restless and bored when external glit ­ter wears off and no new sources feed their self  ­regard. They envy others, tend to idealize some people from whom they expect narcissistic supplies, and to depreciate and treat with contempt those from whom they do not expect anything (often their former idols). In general, their relationships with other people are clearly exploitative and sometimes parasitic. It is as if they feel they have the right to control and possess others and to exploit them with ­out guilt feelings, and behind a surface which very often is charming and engaging, one senses coldness and ruthlessness. Very often such patients are considered to be dependent because they need so much tribute and adoration from others, but on a deeper level they are completely unable really to de ­pend on anybody because of their deep distrust and depreciation of other. (p. 655) Kernberg (1967) asserted that the haughty and grandiose constellation of behaviors that charac ­terizes the narcissist is a defense against the pro ­jection of oral rage that, in turn, stems from the narcissists incapacity to depend on inter ­nalized good objects. In this etiologic formula ­tion, Kernberg claimed that the experiential background of most narcissists includes chroni ­cally cold parental figures who exhibit either in ­difference or covert, but spitefully aggressive, attitudes toward their children. At the same time, the young, future narcissist is often found to pos ­sess some special talent or status within the fam ­ily, such as playing the role of genius or being the only child. This quality of specialness serves as a refuge, at first only temporarily but ultimately an often-returned-to haven that reli ­ably offsets the underlying feeling of having been unloved by the vengefully rejecting parent. Kernberg (1975) describes the following pointwise eleven characteristics of narcissistic personality: Excessive self absorption. Superficially smooth, appropriate and effective social adaptation covering profound distortions in internal relations with other people. Intense ambitiousness. Grandiose fantasies existing side by side with feelings of inferiority. Over dependence on external admiration and acclaim. Feelings of boredom and emptiness. Endless search for gratification of strivings for brilliance, wealth, power and beauty. Incapacity to love to be concerned or to be empathic toward others. Chronic uncertainty and dissatisfaction about oneself. Exploitativeness and ruthlessness toward others. Chronic, intense envy, and defenses against such envy e.g., devaluation, omnipotent central and narcissistic withdrawal. Kohuts Approach Kohuts (1971) views are more difficult to summa ­rize than those of Kernberg, perhaps as a conse ­quence of their greater originality. Despite having been written in esoteric, if not obscure, psychoanalytic jargon and having been formulated in an ingenious, if at times ponderous and tautological fashion, Kohuts work has attracted numerous disciples. Fortunately, a score of in ­terpreters have sought to elucidate his metapsy ­chological assertions, which many consider among the more imaginative advances in recent analytic theory (Forman, 1975; Gedo Gold ­berg, 1973; Palombo, 1976; Wolf, 1976). Kohut (1971) rejects the traditional Freudian and Kernbergian thesis that narcissistic self-investment re ­sults from a defensive withdrawal of object-love attachments following a pattern of chronic parental coldness or vengeful spite. This classical view con ­tends that narcissism is a result of developmental arrests or regressions to earlier points of fixation. Thus, the future narcissist, according to standard analytic metapsychology, regresses to or fails to progress through the usual developmental sequence of initial undifferentiated libido, followed by auto ­eroticism, narcissism, and, finally, object-love. It is not the content as such but the sequence of libidinal maturation that Kohut challenges. His clinical ob ­servations have led him to assert that the primitive narcissistic libido has its own developmental line and sequence of continuity into adulthood. That is, it does not fade away by becoming transformed into object-libido, as contended by classical theo ­ri sts, but unfolds into its own set of mature narcis ­sistic processes and structures. In healthy form, for example, these processes might include behaviors such as humor and creativity; similarly, and most significantly, it is through this narcissistic develop ­mental sequence that the cohesive psychic structure of self ultimately emerges. Pathology in narcissistic development, according to Kohut, occurs as a consequence of failures to in ­tegrate one of two major spheres of self-maturation, the grandiose self and the idealized parental image. Confronted by realistic shortcomings that undermine early feelings of grandiose omnipotence, or subsequently recognizing the equally illusory na ­ture of the idealized powers they have attributed to their parents, these children must find a way to overcome their disappointments so as not to fragment If disillusioned, rejected, or experienc ­ing cold and unempathic care at the earliest stages of self-development, serious pathology, such as psy ­chotic or borderline states, will occur. Trauma or disappointment at a later phase will have somewhat different repercussions depending on whether the difficulty centered on the development of the grandiose self or on the parental imago. In the for ­mer, the child will fail to develop the sense of ful ­fillment and self-confiden ce that comes from I feeling worthwhile and valued; as a consequence, these needs will split off and result in the persis ­tent seeking of narcissistic recognition through adulthood. Along the second line of self-develop ­ment, children who are unable to idealize their par ­ents because of the latters indifference or rejection will feel devastated, depressed, and empty. Through adulthood, they will seek idealized parental surro ­gates who, inevitably, will fail to live up to the om ­nipotent powers the narcissists hoped to find within them. In their desperate search for an ideal that is greater than themselves, they are often led to be ­ have in a weak and self-effacing manner that will enable others to overshadow them. What is notable is that Kohuts is a developmen ­tal theory of self and not a personality characterization. Nevertheless, it leads to a clinical picture that at variance with those of Freud, Kernberg, and the DSM..III and IV. The features that emerge from Kohuts descriptions have been summarized by Forman (1975). Listed among the more promi ­nent are (a) low self-esteem, (b) tendencies toward periodic hypochondriasis, and (c) feelings of emptiness or deadness. Bursten (1973) has sought to distinguish four personality variants within the narcissistic grouping, speaking of them as the craving, paranoid, ma ­nipulative, and phallic types, He refers to the craving variety as clinging, demanding, often pouting and whining (p. 290). Those labelled paranoid narcissists correspond with general descrip ­tions of the paranoid personality. Manipulative narcissists encompass a large segment of what are referred to as antisocial personalities in the DSM-II. The fourth subtype, phallic narcissists, describes patients who are exhibitionistic, reckless, cold, and arrogant. In seeking to contrast borderline from narcissistic personalities, Bursten makes reference to the distinction as bearing on the cohesiveness of self. Elaborating this distinction, he speaks of the narcissistic personality as comprisingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a group of people whose sense of self is suffi ­ciently cohesive that they do not suffer from these types of fragility problems, The striking feature of this cluster of personality types centers around self-esteem, They maintain an intense interest in themselves and harbor both grandiose fantasies, al ­beit not to a delusional extent, and the need to as ­sociate with powerful figures, When one frustrates their vanity or their need for an ideal parent, they become dysfunctional-they suffer severe dis ­appointment, depression, rage, and hypochondria ­sis, They may even have fleeting episodes of confusion, but such mental disintegration is very brief and does not have the prominence and the persistence of people whose personalities fall in the borderline cluster. To be noted, cohesiveness of their sense of self is maintained by the intensity focus on themselves. (Bursten 1973, p. 414). Drawing on Burstens conceptions of self ­ cohesiveness, Adler (1981) elaborates further on the continuum of narcissistic and borderline personalities: Borderline patients have serious difficulties in maintaining stable self-object transferences as well as a sense of self-cohesivenessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Patients with narcissistic personality disorders on the upper end of the continuum are able to main ­tain self-cohesiveness, except for transient fragmentation. These fragmentation experiences can often be examined in the therapeutic situation with ­out serious disruptionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Finally, patients with a narcissistic personality disorder do not experience the feelings of aloneness experienced by borderline patients. From the borderline patient capable of a serious regression at one end of the continuum to the patient with a stable narcissistic personality disorder at the other end, we can evaluate our patients, using cohesiveness of the self; self-object transference stability, and the achievement of aloneness. (pp. 47-48) Coopers Approach Cooper (1984, 1988, 1989) has written exten ­sively on different facets of the narcissistic char ­acter, describing aspects of its development, the central role of an integrated self-image, and its in ­tertwining with masochistic like tendencies. In each sphere, his Insights have been unusually as ­tute and his themes both scholarly and eloquently expressed. Speaking of the importance of an integrated self-image, Cooper (1984) writes: A vital aspect of normal self-development is the achievement of an internalized, integrated self image (p.46) Different workers have referred to these integrative capacities and failures .in a variety of ways Kohut spoke of enfeebled selves lacking co ­hesion, Kernberg speaks of splits in self-represen ­tations. Erikson referred to identity diffusion, and winnicott spoke of the false Self. Under many different headings, every investigator in this area has emphasized the core importance of the cre ­ation of a unified, coherent, integrated i nner sense of self. (p. 47) Describing the intermeshing of narcissistic and masochistic pathology, Cooper (1989) comments: Frustrations of narcissistic strivings lead to repara ­tive attempts to maintain omnipotent fantasiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.Self esteem takes on a pathological quality when an individual begins to derive satisfaction from mas ­tery of his own humiliations. A pattern of deriv ­ing pleasure out of displeasure has begun. This pattern provides the groundwork for the later clini ­cal picture of . . . the injustice collector. These individuals are basically narcissistic- ­masochistic characters and their analysis regularly reveals that narcissistic defenses of grandiosity and entitlement are used to ward off masochistic tenden ­cies toward self-abasement and self-damage. (p. 314) Taking issue with the descriptively narrow for ­mulations of the narcissistic personality in the DSM, Cooper and Sacks (1991) offer the following comments: The diagnostic features are a caricature not a clinical picture. The core issue is a conflict over self-esteem in defense of self-inflation. This grandiosity is more or less fragile or becomes more or less pathologically unrealistic when threats to self-esteem and self-representation .are present in the form of criticism tasks beyond ones capacity, etc. These patients often have a slippery ethical sys ­tem, not out of intent to exploit, but out of the need to hide flaws and keep their defects secret. Narcissistic characters also have frequent paranoid tendencies, again arising out of the need to hide im ­perfections. The sense of needing to feel perfect is as much a part of the picture as grandiosity, which is an overt characteristic. (p.3) Akhtar and Thomsans Approach In a series of particularly insightful papers, Akhtar and Thomson (1982) have sought to bring the scattered literature on the narcissi into a multifaceted profile, including their characteristic overt and covert features in six areas of psychoso ­cial functioning. In a recent book, Akhtar (1992) indicates that narcissists appear overtly grandiose, exploitative, seductive and articulate. Covertly, however, they are doubt-ridden, envious of others; chronically bored corruptible, and unable to love. Akhtars format for differentiating the overt from the covert is an extremely helpful distinction owing to the disparity that exists among many narcissists between their self-presentations and their intrapsychic doubts. Gundersons Approach Another important contributor in the narcissistic personality literature is Gunderson (1983; Gunderson Ronningstam, 1991, Gunderson. Ronningstam, 1991 Smith. In summarizing the features of the narcissist, he includes several criteria (Gunderson Ronningstam, 1991): Narcissistic patients are usually talented and have had sustained periods of successful academic employment, or creative achievement, This is frequently a source for their sense of superiority, It is also a reason why they are more apt to appear in private practice settings than in either institutions or clinics. Narcissistically disturbed patients reported histories in which they have reacted with hostility and suspicion to the perception of other peoples envy toward them. They believe that because of envy other peoples envy toward them. They believe that because of envy other people have set out to hurt them spoil their work, diminish their achievements, or criticize them behind their back. Feelings of devaluation/or contempt may occur toward many people but are especially evident to ­ward anyone why they believe has betrayed or oth ­erwise disappointed them. These become sustained attitudes of dislike or dismissal. (pp. 114-115) Stones Approach Another astute contemporary theorist. Stone (1993) further amplifies the divergent back ­grounds and psychic states of the narcissist as the following: Narcissistic traits can develop, curiously, when there are deviations from ideal rearing on either side: pampering or neglecting; expecting too much or too little. Excessive praise of a child . . . can give rise to . . . feelings of superiority, of being destined for greatness. . . . But compensatory feel ­ings of a similar kind can arise where there has been parental indifference and neglect, for in this situation a child may develop an exaggerated de ­sire for greatness by way of shoring up a sense of self-worth in the absence of the ordinary parental praise. Whereas the overly praised child may regard himself as better than he really is, the neglected child may present a dual picture: an outward sense of (compensatory) specialness cov ­ering an inward sense worthlessness. (p. 260) Learys Approach: Timothy Leary (1957), a disciple of Homey and others of the social and interpersonal school of thought, extended their notions to what he terms adjustment through competition. Leary speaks of this pattern as demonstrating a competitive self-confident narcissism, described in the follow ­ing quotes: In its maladaptive extreme it becomes a smug, cold, selfish, exploitive social role. In this case the adaptive self-confidence and independence be ­come exaggerated into a self-oriented rejection of othersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The individuals feel most secure when they are independent of other peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The narcissist putsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦distance between himself and others- wants to be independent of and superior to the other one. Dependence is terrifying. (p. 332) The second group of . . . patients . . . are those whose self-regard has received a decent defeat. They often report the most colorful and fearful symptomatology . . . The superficial impression of depression or dependence is deceptive. Psychologi ­cal testing or perceptive interviewing will reveal that the patients are not as anxious or depressed as they appear. What becomes evident is a narcissistic concern with their own reactions, their own sensi ­tivities. The precipitating cause for their entrance to the clinic is usually a shift in their life situation, which causes frustration or a blow to their pride. (p. 335) Benjamins Approach Following the interpersonal perspective of Leary are a number of interpersonally oriented theorists who drafted their model of various personality disorders in highly fruitful work. Notable among this group is Benjamin (1993), who has formulated a complex analysis of the narcis ­sistic character. In her recent work, she describes this personality as follows: There is extreme vulnerability to criticism or being ignored, together with a strong wish for love, sup ­port, and admiring deference from others. The baseline position involves noncontingent love of self and presumptive control of others. If the support is withdrawn, or if there is any evidence of lack of perfection, the self-concept degrades to severe self-criticism. Totally lacking in empathy, these persons treat others with contempt, and hold the self above and beyond the fray. (p. 147) [The narcissist] expects to be given whatever he or she wants and needs, no matter what it might mean to others. This does not include active decep ­tion, but rather is a consequence of the belief that he or she is entitled. For example, the NPD would not set out to con a little old lady out of her life savings; however, if she offered them, the NPD would accept such a gift without reflection about its impact on her. [He/She] will expect great dedication, overwork, and heroic performance from the people associated with him or her without giving any thought to the impact of this pattern in their lives. (p. 150) Beck and Freemans Approach Contributing the insightful analysis of the nar ­cissistic personality from a cognitive point of view. Beck and Freeman (1990) provide the following proposal concerning this individuals dis ­torted belief system: The core narcissistic beliefs are as follows: Since I am special, I deserve special dispensations, privi ­leges, and prerogatives, Im superior to others and they should acknowledge this, Im above the rules. Their main strategies consist of doing whatever they can to reinforce their superior status and to expand their personal domain. Thus, they may seek glory, wealth, position, power, and prestige as a way of continuously reinforcing their superior image. Their main affect is anger when other people do not accord them the admiration or respect that they believe they are entitled to, or otherwise thwart them in some way. They are prone to becom ­ing depressed, however, if their strategies are foiled. (Beck Freeman 1990. p. 50) Narcissistic Personality Disorder can be conceptualized as stemming from a combination of dysfunctional schemas about the self, the world, and the future. The early founda ­tion of these schemas is developed by direct and indirect messages from parents, siblings, and sig ­nificant others, and by experiences that mold beliefs about personal uniqueness and self-impor ­tanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Narcissists regard themselves as spe ­cial, exceptional, and justified in focusing exclusively on personal gratification; they expect admiration, deference, and compliance from oth ­ers, and their expectations of the future focus on the realization of grandiose fantasies. At the same time, beliefs about the importance of other peoples feelings are conspicuously lacking. Be ­havior is affected by deficits in cooperation and reciprocal social interaction, as well as by ex ­cesses in demanding, self-indulgent, and some ­times aggressive behaviors. (p. 238). In writing theories of narcissistic personality disorder, the stereotyped pattern was not adopted. Rather, attempt was made to present the view of clinicians, theoreticians and social thinkers. Highlights are given below: Psycho dynamically oriented theorists conclude that the narcissistic disorders are the product of emotionally unhealthy parent child relationship. The cold and callous mother/father produce a sense of rejection and unworthiness in child with he result that such a child spends his life defending himself that he is good and loved child and he deserves admiration and attention form all others around him. Object-relation theorists are basically psychodynamically oriented. They are as a matter of fact both derivatives and deviationists. Since they give much more importance to mother-child relationship than what is commonly given to parent-child relationship, they are described as object-relation (mother-child relation) theorists. According to object-relation theorists, negative relationship between mother-child relationship has negative impact on the growing negative personality of the child. Generally such a child develops a grandiose self-image, consequently, illusion of self-sufficiency and freedom from parental restriction is reported. Such a child is much prone to narcissistic personality tendencies. Those who give importance both to behavioural and cognitive aspects or personality development do not approve the extreme sides of child-rearing practices. They approve neither too much love nor too much negligence. Extremity of approach to the child is held to be a responsible factor in the development of narcissistic disorder. In support of this proposition, first born/the only born child who is generally over-loved is said to be prone to the development of narcissistic tendencies. Socio-cultural theorists hold that in a society where freedom of living life in the way parents are living is not questioned, adolescents feel free to adopt individualistic life-pattern. In other words, narcissism is held to have link with fading interest in ones culture. That is, where individualism is preferred to collectivism, where new values are getting recognition, narcissistic lifestyle is very likely to gain strong ground. It may be summarized that articles and books have been written about narcissistic personality disorders from two opposite perspectives. The first perspective is psycho, analytic theory which suggests that personalities are compensating for inadequate affection and approval from their parents in early childhood (Kernberg, 1975; Kohut, 1972). The second perspective is social learning perspective (Millon, 1969, 1981) which holds that narcissistic personality disorders are the product of home life, created by parents who have inflated views of their childrens intelligence, achievements, and beauty of face, figure and complexion.