University Research Proposal

University Research Proposal University Research Proposal University Research Proposal: Make the Life Easier! The process of writing the research is quite difficult and time consuming, the person should be quite acknowledged with the topic chosen for this or that writing and understand it in a proper way. What is also quite important here is of course the level of professional support given to the student on the part of the tutors, professional writers or some other support. What you are to do first of all is the understanding of the requirements needed for the proper implementation of the written task. University Research Proposal: Order Online! If the person can not simply implement the task himself it is advisable to order it in the Internet and be quite confident with what has been done. Some people think that the procedure of ordering is quite difficult and that it is impossible to get it at the end and that there are different frauds and so on, but it is not so in fact.find the qualified site with professional writers there, to be sure that it is in fact so you are to search the internet, ask the people in this sphere and feel free to choose the one for you, what is advisable here is of course the professional support on the part of the writer, as with these sites you can be sure that the level of your site will be quite high, if you need some special requirements and issues for this process, you better tell the person about it, and also if you need to get answers to some questions you can freely ask the person working on your site and feel quite confident with what you are doing, as for the plan or literature review, this will be included in your university research proposal if you need it but in other case you are free not only to edit it but also to correct all the necessary point and the writer will correct it. University Research Proposal: Get Better Support and Help! While writing the university research proposal, there can be sometimes some problems and questions, especially if the per son writes the task for the first time, so the student want to get the support on the part of the reader and then continue to work on the process. But it is preferable to get the better support and help while ordering the written task online. The university research proposal can be quite an important point in the process of writing the research paper, as this is the previous part of it. The process of ordering such written task online can facilitate this process and raise the level of the written task.

25+ Pieces of Writing Software You Should Know About

25+ Pieces of Writing Software You Should Know About 25+ Pieces of Writing Software You Should Know About 25+ Pieces of Writing Software You Should Know About By Ali Hale Of course, all you really need in order to write is a notebook and pen. But there are lots of software packages that can make life easier for writers. Whatever you want to be able to do, there’s almost certainly some software out there to help you. The list below includes the best packages to help you plan and structure a novel, share documents online with other people, format your screenplay or script correctly, minimize writing distractions, improve your English and more Collaborative Documents Often when writing, you’ll want to share a document with other people – either to ask for feedback, or to get them to add to it. All of these pieces of software allow you to share documents online, so that multiple people can have access to and edit them. I’ve found this very successful for receiving feedback from friends on my short stories. Google Docs FREE â€Å"You can easily do all the basics, including making bulleted lists, sorting by columns, adding tables, images, comments, formulas, changing fonts and more. And its free. †¦ Google Docs accepts most popular file formats, including DOC, XLS, ODT, ODS, RTF, CSV, PPT, etc. So go ahead and upload your existing files.† Writeboard from 37 signals FREE â€Å"Writeboards are sharable, web-based text documents that let you save every edit, roll back to any version, and easily compare changes. Use Writeboard to write solo or collaborate with others.† Word Processors Microsoft Word $324.99 for Microsoft Office 2007 Standard version $109.99 for Student version â€Å"Microsoft Office Standard 2007 offers the core Microsoft Office applications, but significantly updated for faster, better results. Comprised of Excel, Word, PowerPoint, and Outlook, this software suite empowers you to create high-quality documents and presentations, build powerful spreadsheets, and manage your e-mail messages, calendar, and contacts.† Word Viewer FREE â€Å"View, print and copy Word documents, even if you dont have Word installed.† Open Office FREE â€Å"OpenOffice.org 2 is the leading open-source office software suite for word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, graphics, databases and more. It is available in many languages and works on all common computers. It stores all your data in an international open standard format and can also read and write files from other common office software packages. It can be downloaded and used completely free of charge for any purpose.† As a hard-up student (who preferred to spend money on booze than software), I used Open Office throughout my degree, and found it an excellent alternative to Microsoft Office. It’s a whole office suite, so can also be used to replace Excel, Powerpoint and more. AbiWord FREE Famous open source word processor, and ideal for someone looking for a light and compact software. It comes with all the basic features that you would expect from a word processor, and it also supports different languages and operating systems. Fiction: Writing Novels and Screenplays If you’ve tried a bit of fiction and you want some help with writing longer pieces, there are a number of software packages you might want to try out. Here’s some reputable, well-established ones: New Novelist $54.99 download, $59.99 download and CD â€Å"If you’ve ever tried to write a novel (or even just thought about it), you know the routine. You just can’t put everything together. You’ve got to work step by step to write a great book, right? NOT ANYMORE! NewNovelist Software has turned the writing process on its head. With this revolutionary software, you can write your novel the way you want to.† I used version 1.0 of this myself, and it definitely helped me with my world building and pre-writing notes. None of the twelve structures it suggested quite worked for the novel I was planning, but you can change the headings to suit yourself. Character Pro (Now called Character Writer, see below) 60 days free, then $69.99 â€Å"Character Pro puts a proven system for understanding human behavior at your fingertips The Enneagram to create a character spine for your character. But thats only the beginning. Character Pro isolates each part of the character, provides tools and extensive help files to guide you to a well-rounded, complex and realistic character.† Quick Story (Now called Character Writer, see below) $49.99 â€Å"Create a basic story structure with the Story Generator then use the tree to organize your structure while you develop the story in the edit box on the right. Simply drag and drop or insert and delete story items until your story is perfectly structured.† Character Writer $69.99 This version combines features of both Character Pro and Quick Story, and is Java Based (so runs on almost any system), for $69.99. Writers Cafà © Demo version free, $45 download,  £32.90 (approx $65) on CD. â€Å"Writers Cafà © is a software toolkit for all fiction writers, whether experienced or just starting out. The heart of Writers Cafà © is StoryLines, a powerful but simple to use story development tool that dramatically accelerates the creation and structuring of your novel or screenplay.† Writing: Organising and Formatting your Manuscript One of the biggest headaches for fiction writers is coming to the end of a project only to realise that every scene or chapter is in a separate file (and sometimes in different formats), and that pulling this all together – and editing it to match editorial conventions – is going to take ages. These packages can help you keep things organised: Celtex FREE â€Å"Celtx is the worlds first fully integrated solution for media pre-production and collaboration. It replaces old fashioned paper, pen binder media creation with a digital approach to writing and organizing thats more complete, simpler to work with, and easier to share.† Scrivener 30 days free, then $39.99 Mac Only â€Å"Scrivener is a word processor and project management tool created specifically for writers of long texts such as novels and research papers. It wont try to tell you how to write it just makes all the tools you have scattered around your desk available in one application.† Minimise Distractions When Writing If you’re anything like me, distractions come up constantly when trying to write. Whether your problem is instant messenger, web browsing, email, or just using all the fancy formatting features on your word processor, a simpler writing environment can be the solution. Wordpad FREE If you’re running Windows, this almost certainly came free with your computer. Some people find all the extra bells and whistles of a full wordprocessor distracting when writing. If you have trouble knuckling down to write, Wordpad allows formatting (bold, italics, etc) and can be easier to use than Word. Write Room Free trial, then $25. Mac only. â€Å"For people who enjoy the simplicity of a typewriter, but live in the digital world. WriteRoom is a full-screen writing environment. Unlike the cluttered word processors youre used to, WriteRoom is just about you and your text.† Dark Room FREE Windows version of Write Room Both Write Room and Dark Room have a retro feel of green text on black background (though you can change the background of Write Room). I’ve used Dark Room when suffering from a severe bout of procrastination on my novel, and would certainly recommend it. Scientific Writing For specialised types of writing, such as creating scientific documentation, normal word processing software may not be enough. Latex FREE â€Å"LaTeX is a high-quality typesetting system; it includes features designed for the production of technical and scientific documentation. LaTeX is the de facto standard for the communication and publication of scientific documents.† Improving your English (for native and non-native speakers) The spelling and grammar checks built into word processors can often leave much to be desired. If your English is shaky, or if you’re learning English as a foreign language, you might want to invest in software designed to help you improve your grammar and style. JaLingo FREE This cool little program will bring a handy dictionary to your desktop, that you can use to confirm spelling of words or to check their meanings. The advantage of JaLingo is that it is OS independent, so it will work smoothly on most computers. WhiteSmoke $79.99 for â€Å"General† version, $99.99 for â€Å"Business† version other specialised ones. Executive writing version usually $250 but currently $125. â€Å"WhiteSmoke is an innovative software tool that improves and edits your English writing. Based on patented natural language processing (NLP) technology, WhiteSmoke performs advanced and context-based English grammar, spelling, and punctuation checking, as well as text enrichment to enhance your writing.† StyleWriter $160, which includes a â€Å"Software for writers† CD â€Å"Designed by journalists, editors and business writing tutors, StyleWriter gives you the skills of a good editor. Simply click the StyleWriter button in Microsoft Words or WordPerfects toolbar (or any clipboard text) to launch a check for thousands of faults and bad habits found in writing. Trimming the excess words, simplifying and clarifying your style, checking for good English usage - editing is easy with StyleWriter.† Typing Software After a mis-spent youth playing online text games, I learnt to touch-type without trying to, but I realise many people aren’t so lucky (or so geeky). Typing speed is a surprisingly big factor in being a successful writer, and if you’re still pecking away at the keyboard with two fingers, it’s worth investing in software to help you learn to type properly. Kaz-Type $19.95 download, $34.95 CD â€Å"KAZ will teach you how to learn to type and master your computer keyboard fast. Our interactive, multimedia typing tutor software uses a revolutionary learning method so you can learn to type really quickly without the need to resort to repetitive typing drills and games. Learning to touch type with KAZ is tested and proven with over 1 million users.† Miracle Type (Not Available Anymore) $19.99 â€Å"Miracle Type is the perfect answer for you if typing on your computer is just taking far too long or if you have given up in frustration after trying to teach yourself to Touch Type with other typing software.† Blogging Platforms If you run your own blog or website, you’ve almost certainly heard of WordPress and Movable Type. Both are content management systems that you install on space provided by your web host, allowing you to easily publish new posts to your blog and modify existing ones. WordPress FREE (but you’ll need to pay for web hosting) â€Å"WordPress is a state-of-the-art publishing platform with a focus on aesthetics, web standards, and usability. WordPress is both free and priceless at the same time.† Moveable Type FREE (but you’ll need to pay for web hosting) â€Å"Movable type is a professional publishing platform.† There are also many blogging services which will host your blog for you, such as blogger.com, livejournal.com, but these are more â€Å"sites† than â€Å"software† (you don’t install them on your own webspace.) Journalling Software At the moment, I journal on paper, as I like to get away from the computer screen and take fifteen minutes alone with my thoughts. I also enjoy writing with a good fountain pen, in a nice hardback notebook. However, this does make it hard to search for anything†¦ David RMs The Journal $39.95 download / $49.95 CD / $69.95 for â€Å"Writers’ edition† â€Å"The Journal is a powerful journaling and writing tool that can help you take control of your life. Create a digital scrapbook of your life! Organize your notes about your family, about your work, about a hobby, about anything. Write a short story, a magazine article, or even a novel. Remember your appointments, events, tasks special days! Find whatever youre looking for with The Journals powerful searching. Get inspired!† Debrief FREE basic version, $29.95 for standard version, $39.95 for professional version â€Å"Debrief ® is software for saving notes on your PC. Ideas. Experiences. Research. Thoughts. They come from projects, meetings, status, tasks, issues, changes, risks, decision, contacts, brainstorming, pondering, work, studies, school. Capture them while you can and put them to good use later† Suggested by Our Readers Final Draft $229 Use your creative energy to focus on the content; let Final Draft take care of the style. Final Draft is the number-one selling word processor specifically designed for writing movie scripts, television episodics and stage plays. This sure is not a cheap writing software, but it is supposed to be the industry standard when it comes to script writing. Q10 FREE A free alternative for Dark Room and WriteRoom, Q10 brings you a full screen word processor that will let you focus entirely on what you are writing. Additionally, it also come with customizable features like paragraph styling and live statistics about your pieces. Scripped FREE An online service that lets you write, edit and print your scripts straight on their website. The advantage is that you can work on your scripts from different locations and from different computers. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Because Of" and "Due To" 3 Types of HeadingsWhat is an Anagram?

Describe the function of tolc gene in salmonella and how this function Essay

Describe the function of tolc gene in salmonella and how this function may relate to intracellular pathogenisis in this organism - Essay Example Other substances that are secreted by TolC gene include macrobiotic solvents, and a number of antiseptic peptides (Tegos and Mylonakis, 2012). TolC functions hand in hand with other internal casing mediums in a bid to expunge unwanted elements. Research done over the recent past have posited that a number of mechanisms accountable for dissipating noxious substances from the E. coli cell requires the presence of TolC in order to function properly (Yu, Zhang and Brown, 2013). This function directly relates to the intracellular pathogenesis in salmonella. According to Toone, (2011), the absence of TolC in salmonella as a result of its removal elevates the level of defencelessness or vulnerability of salmonella to the various agents that exterminates or eradicates bacteria, viruses, and other germs, and also chemical composites. It is however important to elucidate the fact that in salmonella, TolC relies on other mechanisms for accountable for the removal of noxious substances from the cells. According to Horiyama, Yamagichi and Nishino (2010), these other mechanisms include "AcrAB, AcrD, AcrEF, MdtABC, MdsAB, EmrAB, and MdfA, MacAB, and MdtK" (p. 1372). In a nutshell, the function of the TolC gene in salmonella is aiding in the secretion of noxious substances from the cells of

Improving Local Health Care Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Improving Local Health Care - Research Paper Example Community practitioners are also responsible for documenting information concerning a patient’s conditions for treatment in the future. It is a requirement for healthcare practitioners to record a patient’s data to enhance success during operations. This involves the documentation of the patient’s name, age and their condition. This happens before the provision of healthcare services to the patient by a practitioner (Tom, 2001). As discussed in the piece, coordination of various components is necessary in the delivery of healthcare services to the public. Furthermore, technology is fundamental to the delivery of quality services in healthcare facilities. The provision of healthcare services requires the coordination of various stakeholders within the healthcare profession. It is imperative for healthcare practitioners to keep records when conducting their duties (Tom, 2001). Indeed, record keeping is fundamental in the provision of critical care for conditions such as asthma. At the local healthcare facility that I visited, the practitioners were struggling to meet some of the needs of the patients because they were facing challenges prioritizing healthcare services to clients. The absence of an electronic medical record made it difficult for the practitioner to asses my previous record. Besides, the practitioner was having difficulty communicating with his subordinates. Lack of proper policies for handling healthcare issues compromised the delivery of quality healthcare at the facility. The manuals testing kits contributed to pharmaceutical discrepancies at the facility. Additionally, the manual recording system contributed to the difficulties in communication amidst practitioners and professionals from other facilities. Indeed, most of the challenges at the facility required the implementation of sound policies concerning delivery of quality healthcare services (Richard, 2003). Some patients were unhappy with the services

Why Do People Work Essay Example for Free

Why Do People Work Essay Mr Harris liked trains. He was afraid of aeroplanes, and didnt like buses. But trains ,they were big and noisy and exciting. When he was a boy of ten, he liked trains. Now he was a man of fifty, and he still liked trains. So he was a happy man on the night of the 14th of September. He was on the night train from Helsinki to Oulu in Finland, and he had ten hours in front of him. Ive got a book and my newspaper, he thought. And theres a good restaurant on the train. And then Ive got two weeks holiday with my Finnish friends in Oulu. There werent many people on the train, and nobody came into Mr Harriss carriage. He was happy about that. Most people on the train slept through the night, but Mr Harris liked to look out of the window, and to read and think. After dinner in the restaurant Mr Harris came back to his carriage, and sat in his seat next to the window. For an hour or two he watched the trees and lakes of Finland out of the window. Then it began to get dark, so he opened his book and began to read. At midnight the train stopped at the small station of Otava. Mr Harris looked out of the window, but he saw nobody. The train moved away from the station, into the black night again. Then the door of Mr Harriss carriage opened, and two people came in. A young man and a young woman. The young woman was angry. She closed the door and shouted at the man: Carl! You cant do this to me! The young man laughed loudly and sat down. Mr Harris was a small, quiet man. He wore quiet clothes, and he had a quiet voice. He did not like noisy people and loud voices. So he was not pleased. Young people are always noisy, he thought. Why cant they talk quietly? He put his book down and closed his eyes. But he could not sleep because the  two young people didnt stop talking. The young woman sat down and said in a quieter voice: Carl, youre my brother and I love you, but please listen to me. You cant take my diamond necklace. Give it back to me now. Please! Carl smiled. No, Elena, he said. Im going back to Russia soon, and Im taking your diamonds with me. He took off his hat and put it on the seat. Elena, listen. You have a rich husband, but I , I have no money. I have nothing! How can I live without money? You cant give me money, so I need your diamonds, little sister. Mr Harris looked at the young woman. She was small, with black hair and dark eyes. Her face was white and afraid. Mr Harris began to feel sorry for Elena. She and her brother didnt look at him once. Cant they see me? he thought. Carl, Elena said. Her voice was very quiet now, and Mr Harris listened carefully. You came to dinner at our house tonight, and you went to my room and took my diamond necklace. How could you do that to me? My husband gave the diamonds to me. They were his mothers diamonds before that. Hes going to be very, very angry , and Im afraid of him. Her brother laughed. He put his hand in his pocket, then took it out again and opened it slowly. The diamond necklace in his hand was very beautiful. Mr Harris stared at it. For a minute or two nobody moved and it was quiet in the carriage. There was only the noise of the train, and it went quickly on through the dark cold night. Mr Harris opened his book again, but he didnt read it. He watched Carls face, with its hungry eyes and its cold smile. What beautiful, beautiful diamonds! Carl said. I can get a lot of money for these. Give them back to me, Carl, Elena whispered. My husbands going to kill me. Youre my brother . . . Please help me. Please! Carl laughed again, and Mr Harris wanted to hit him. Go home, little sister, Carl said. Im not going to give the diamonds back to you. Go home to your angry husband. Suddenly there was a knife in the young womans hand. A long, bright knife. Mr Harris watched with his mouth open. He couldnt speak or move. Give the diamonds back to me! Elena cried. Or Im going to kill you! Her hand on the knife was white. Carl laughed and laughed. What a sister! he said. What a kind, sweet sister! No, theyre my diamonds now. Put your knife away, little sister. But the knife in the white hand moved quickly: up, then down. There was a long, terrible cry, and Carls body fell slowly on to the seat. The colour of the seat began to change to red, and the diamond necklace fell from Carls hand on to the floor. Elenas face was white. Oh no! she whispered. Carl! Come back . . . come back! I didnt want to kill you! But Carl didnt answer, and the red blood ran slowly over the floor. Elena put her head in her hands, and again in the carriage there was a long, terrible cry. Mr Harriss face was white too. He opened his mouth, but he couldnt speak. He stood up, and carefully moved to the door. The young woman was quiet now. She didnt move or look up at Mr Harris. In the corridor, Mr Harris ran. The guard was at the back of the train and Mr Harris got there in half a minute. Quickly! Mr Harris said. Come quickly! An accident . . . a young woman . . . oh dear! Her brother is . . . is dead! The guard ran with Mr Harris back to the carriage. Mr Harris opened the door  and they went inside. There was no dead body of a young man. There was no young woman . . . no blood, no knife, no diamond necklace. Only Mr Harriss bags and his hat and coat. The guard looked at Mr Harris, and Mr Harris looked at him. But . . . Mr Harris began. But they were here! I saw them! She . . . the young woman . . . She had a knife and she . . . she killed her brother. A knife, you say? the guard asked. Yes, Mr Harris said quickly. A long knife, and her brother took her diamonds, so she Ah! Diamonds! the guard said. Was the young womans name Elena? he asked. Yes, it was! Mr Harris said. How do you know that? Do you . . . Do you know her? Yes , and no, the guard said slowly. He thought for a minute, then looked at Mr Harris. Elena di Saronelli, he said. She had dark eyes and black hair. Very beautiful. She was half-Italian, half-Finnish. Her brother was a half-brother. They had the same father, but his mother was Russian, I think. Was? Had? Mr Harris stared at the guard. But she . . . Elena . . . shes alive! And where is she? Oh no, said the guard. Elena di Saronelli died about eighty years ago. After she killed her brother with a knife, she jumped off the train, and  died at once. It was near here, I think. He looked out of the window, into the night. Mr Harriss face was very white again. Eighty years ago! he whispered. What are you saying? Were she and her brother . . . But I saw them! Yes, thats right, the guard said. You saw them, but theyre not alive. Theyre ghosts. They often come on the night train at this time in September. I never see them, but somebody saw them last year. A man and his wife. They were very unhappy about it. But what can I do? I cant stop Elena and Carl coming on the train. The guard looked at Mr Harriss white face. You need a drink, he said. Come and have a vodka with me. Mr Harris didnt usually drink vodka, but he felt afraid. When he closed his eyes, he could see again Elenas long knife and could hear her terrible cry. So he went with the guard to the back of the train. After the vodka, Mr Harris felt better. He didnt want to sleep, and the guard was happy to talk. So Mr Harris stayed with the guard and didnt go back to his carriage. Yes, the guard said, its a famous story. I dont remember it all. It happened a long time  ago, of course. Elenas father was a famous man here in Finland. He was very rich once, but he had  three or four wives and about eight children. And he liked the good things of life. So there wasnt much money for the children. Carl, the oldest son, was a bad man, people say. He wanted an easy life, and money in his hand all the time. The train hurried on to Oulu through the black night, and the guard drank  some more vodka. Now, Elena, he said. She didnt have an easy life with those three difficult men , her father, her brother, her husband. One year she visited her mothers family in Italy, and there she met her husband, di Saronelli. He was rich, but he wasnt a kind man. They came back to Finland, and Carl often visited their house. He wanted money from his sisters rich husband. Elena loved her brother, and gave him some money. But di Saronelli didnt like Carl and was angry with Elena. He stopped giving her money, and after that . . . well, you know the story now. Yes, Mr Harris said. Poor, unhappy Elena. Mr Harris stayed with his friends in Oulu for two weeks. They were quiet weeks, and Mr Harris had a good holiday. But he took the bus back to Helsinki. The bus was slow, and there were a lot of people on it, but Mr Harris was very happy. He didnt want to take the night train across Finland again.

Basics Of Mutual Funds :: essays research papers

In this report I decided to take advantage of an opportunity to get information on how best to invest money for my daughter’s college fund. The choices are between Mutual funds or an IRA. Thanks to the research I did for this I have made up my mind how best to invest my money.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My main research I did on the IRA is on the Internet through AOL. Through them I found out in a Traditional IRA’s you can contribute up to $2,000 per person per year tax free. In other words the $2,000 invested is deducted off your total income for that year. Yet when you retire and receive the money it is then taxed. Also in a Traditional IRA you cannot remove the money prior to retirement without being heavily penalized. In a Roth IRA you pay taxes on it the year that you invest the money. Though the Roth IRA does bring some benefits such as you can retrieve your money without being penalized as long as you opened your account over five years prior to withdrawal and your are at least 59.5 years old at time of withdrawal. Some exceptions are death, disability or first time purchase of a home. There is also an Educational IRA which you can contribute a maximum of $500 per year per child. This obviously is only good enough for a college education if you plan to invest in other places. On the AOL site I used it had a page where you enter in your date of birth and how much money you wish to contribute. I entered in both DOB-7/9/79 (approximately 46 years until retirement) and that I wish to contribute $2,000 a year. It then stated that with a Roth IRA I would have $1,058,685 and with a Traditional IRA I would have $1,036,239 (which I would have to still pay taxes on). Out of the two the obvious choice is the Roth IRA you pay taxes when you are working and have the extra money and it also has a higher turn over rate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I then researched mutual funds. Mutual funds are a group of stocks together. It tends to be more stable then stocks since there is only one stock if it falls you’re out money, with a Mutual fund if one drops then the others generally tend to balance the loss out so you still tend to make money.

Mmr Vaccine

The MMR vaccine was introduced in October 1988 to provide a one-shot immunisation against three diseases – measles, mumps and rubella. Since its widespread introduction, recommended by the World Health Organisation, rates of these diseases have fallen close to zero in immunised western populations. FOR Two doses of MMR gives 99 per cent protection against measles – the most serious of the diseases immunised against. Most doctors believe giving the three vaccines at once is a good idea.If given one at a time (three single vaccines followed by a booster for each), they have to be carefully spaced out. The fear is that many parents would fail to complete the course. Children could also be vulnerable to infection between inoculations. If more than 15 per cent of the population fail to vaccinate their children, measles epidemics could return to the UK. Government-commissioned study (published in the Lancet in 1999) investigated claims that MMR was linked to autism and bowel disease. It concluded there was no link.Another study commissioned by the Department of Health and published in January this year also gave MMR the all-clear. The scientific establishment remains convinced that MMR is the safest option. Professor Peter Lachman, President of the Academy of Medical Sciences, said: ‘Even if there are dangers, all the evidence suggests that the chances of something nasty happening to you as a result of not getting vaccinated are around 100 times greater than something nasty happening to you if you do. ‘ AGAINSTParents first voiced concerns over links between MMR and autism and the bowel condition Crohn's disease in the mid-1990s. There were several cases of healthy children developing these conditions after being given the vaccine. Increasing numbers of parents decided not to have their children vaccinated with the triple vaccine. They were supported by a handful of doctors happy to administer the vaccines in single doses. Dr Andrew Wakefiel d, a consultant gastroenterologist, drew national attention to a possible link between the illnesses and the MMR method of vaccination in a study in 1998.Dr Wakefield resigned from his post at the Royal Free and University College Medical School in North London earlier this month after being told his research did not ‘fit in' with the college's strategy. Dr Wakefield claims combining three live viruses in one injection could be dangerous. He has speculated that the MMR vaccine damages the bowel, releasing toxins that travel to the brain and trigger autism. He recommends children are vaccinated against mumps, measles and rubella one at a time.Paul Shattock, of the Autism Research Unit in Sheffield, who is carrying out a large- scale study of 5,000 autistic children in Britain, supports Dr Wake-field's findings. There is growing interest in his work in Canada and the U. S. where similar concerns about MMR have been raised. Statistics on autism seem to back up the suspicions of t hose opposed to the MMR vaccine. Some research suggests a ten-fold rise in cases in the past ten years. This corresponds to the introduction of MMR. http://www. dailymail. co. uk/health/article-89553/The-case-MMR-vaccine. html

Capital structure

A review of capital structure theories 1. 0 Introduction One of the most contentious flnancial issues that have provoked intense academic research during the last decades is the theory of capital structure. Capital structure can be defined as a ‘Mix of different securities issued by a firm' (Brealey and Myers, 2003). Simply speaking, capital structure mainly contains two elements, debt and equity.In 1958, through combining tax and debt factors in a simple model to price the value of a company, Modigliani and Miller firstly begin to explore a modern capital structure theory, and their work inspired this area study. However, the MM theory has no practical use because It lacks of direct guidance for companies to determine capital structure In real Ilfe (Baxter, 1967; Sarlg and Warga, 1989; Vernimmen et al, 2005).During the past years, researchers strived to establish a more reasonable capital structure theory that can be put into practices efficiently, and they attempted to expand debt ratio and tax advantage factors Into a new area. Myers (1984) states that only practical capital structure theories, which Introducing adjustment cost that includes agency cost and information asymmetry problems, ould provide a useful guidance for firms to determine their capital structure.However, from recent studies, Myers (2001) believes that how information differences and agency costs Influence the capital structure Is still an open question. From this perspective, it is very important to review the development of these two factors which make theoretical research having a strong relationship with reality. Thus, this project will summarize the capital structure theories orientated by agency cost and asymmetric Information from extant literature. Also some gaps and conflicts among heories of capital structure will be found and discussed In order to further Improve this area study.The rest of this project is arranged as follows. Section 2 will present the theories based on a gency costs that causes the conflicts between equity holders and debt holders or managers. Section 3 will Illustrate from two areas, Interplay of capital structure and Investment, followed by signal effect of debt ratio, to show the theories based on asymmetric information. In conclusion, Section 4 will summarize the entire essay and suggest further research direction of capital structure theory. 0 Capital structure theories based on agency costs Although Berry and Means (1931, cited in Myers, 2001) state an adverse relationship between the separated ownership and corporate control status, it commonly admits that Jensen and Meckling (1976) firstly conducted the research in how agency costs determine capital structure (Harris and Ravlv, 1991 Over the past decades, researchers have tried to add agency costs to capital structure models (Harris and Raviv, 1991). The perfect alignment between firm investors and firm agencies, such as managers, does not exist (Myers, 2001 ).According to J ensen and Meckling (1976), company agents, the managers, always emphasize on their own interests, such as high salary and reputation. Also these company agents use ‘entrenching investments', which make the asset and capital structure orientated by the 1 OF3 company holders (Chen and Kensinger, 1992). However, Myers (2001) believes that the firm holders can reduce such transferred value through using different kinds of methods of control and supervising, but he further points out the weakness that these methods are expensive and reduce returns.As a result, the perfect monitoring system is out of work, and agency costs are produced from these conflicts. According to Jensen and Meckling (1976), the conflicts between investors and agencies are generally divided into two types. The first conflict occurs between debt holders and equity holders, and the second conflict is from between equity holders and managers. Consequently, all the capital structure theories based on agency costs can be also classified based on these two conflicts. In the rest of this section, each individual conflict will be separately discussed. 1 Conflicts between Debt holders and Equity holders Jensen and Meckling (1976) point out that agency costs problems happen in determining the structure of a firms' capital when the conflict between debt holders and equity holders is caused by debt contracts. Similar to Jensen and Meckling's conclusion, Myers (1977) observes that since equity holders bear the whole cost of the investment and debt holders get the main part of the profits from the investment, equity holders may have no interest in investing in value-increasing businesses when ompanies are likely to face bankruptcy in the short term future.Thus, if debt occupies a large part of firms' capital, it will lead to the rejection of investing in more value-increased business projects. However, in 1991, Harris and Raviv cast a contrasting opinion to adjust the capital structure theory based on this conflict. They point out that most debt contracts give equity holders a push power to invest sub- optimally investment project. If the investment fails, due to limited liability, debt holders bear the consequences of a decline of the debt value, but equity holders get ost of yields if the investment could generate returns above the debt par value.In order to prevent debt holders from receiving unfair treatment, equity holders normally get less for the debt than original expectation from debt holders. Thus, the agency costs are created by equity holders who issue the debt rather than debt holders' reason (Harris and Raviv, 1991). Tradeoff capital structure theory has a basic and strong relationship with this type of agency costs. However, different researchers hold various explanations of the relationship.Myers (1977) points out the debt cost eason, Green (1984) announces that convertible bonds can reduce the asset substitution problem which comes from the tradeoff theory, Stul z and Johnson (1985) consider about collateral effect. In the end, only Diamond model (1989) is widely accepted. If Equity holders do not consider reputational reason, they are willing to trade relatively safe projects, but this activity will lead to less debt financing (Diamond, 1989; Mike et al, 1997). Diamond model (1989) assumes two tradeoffs, risky and risk-free, to show that the debt repayment should consider both possible nvestment plans.Furthermore, Mike et al (1997) use empirical evidence to indicate how to use debt to trade off these two optional investment plans. Moreover, in 1991, Harris and Raviv expanded Diamond's model to three investment choices. They point out that one choice of investment can only contain the risk-free project, one option In fact, since the reputation factor is vital for a manager, managers are willing to choose risk-free investment projects that have more possibility of success. Consequently, the amount of debt is often reduced by managers. Capital Structure CAPITAL STRUCTUREQ1. Which of the following statements is/are correct? (MRQ)The cost of equity is higher than the cost of debtWACC is inversely proportional to the market valueAn increase in the cost of equity leads to an increase in share price Debt is less risky as interest is always received but paid at last in an event of liquidation (2 marks) Q2. Which of the following statements is not a part of the traditional theory of capital structure? (MCQ)There must be no taxes as it's a perfect capital market As the gearing level increases it's an indication of an increase in the cost of debt When the cost of equity increases the effect is translated on to the gearing level of the company resulting in its decreaseThe WACC will be at optimum when the market value of the company is at its lowest (2 marks) Q3. The Manager of Alpha believes that there is an optimal balance of debt and equity. The Manager of Zeta believes that the gearing decisions have no effect on the business value. Which theories are the managers relating to? (P&D)Manager Alpha Manager Zeta MM THEORY(with Tax) MM THEORY(without Tax) TRADITIONAL THEORY(2 marks) Q4. Select the appropriate option in relation to the capital market. (HA)Taxes are inapplicable PERFECT MARKET IMPERFECT MARKETHigh chances of bankruptcy PERFECT MARKET IMPERFECT MARKETBorrowing is up to a limited level PERFECT MARKET IMPERFECT MARKET(2 marks) Q5. Which of the following relates to the high level of gearing? (MRQ)Agency CostTax ExhaustionDifferences in risk tolerance levels between shareholders and directorsNo borrowing limits are specified(2 marks) Q6. Bache Co. leaves its operating risk unchanged after including the increased debt finance in its capital structure. Which of the following correctly describes the effect on the company's cost of capital and market value assuming perfect capital market with corporation tax? (HA)WACC INCREASE DECREASE UNAFFECTEDCost of Equity INCREASE DECREASE UNAFFECTEDTotal market value INCREASE DECREASE UNAFFECTED(2 marks) Q7. Rearrange the hierarchy of sources of finance for Pecking Order Theory? (P;D) Preference Shares 1Equity Finance 2Straight Debt 3Retained Earning 4Convertible Debt 5(2 marks) Q8. Quarto Co is considering acquiring Datum Co. Quarto Co wants to use its own cost of capital but is confused as in which circumstances their weighted average cost capital will remain unchanged. Which of the following is/are appropriate circumstances? (MRQ)Historic proportions of debt and equity are not to be changedOperating Risk of the company remains unchangedThe acquired company is small that any changes are insignificantProjects are financed from a pool of funds(2 marks) Q9. Eduardo Co is an all-equity financed company which wishes to invest in the new project in a new business area. Its existing equity beta is 1.4. The debt to equity ratio is 35% and 65% respectively ; the average equity beta for the new business area is 1.9. The government security in the market gives a return of 4% and market risk premium is 3%. If the tax is ignored, what is the risk-adjusted cost of equity for the new project using the capital asset pricing model? (MCQ) 6.73%7.71%8.2%9.7%(2 marks) Q10. Identify the weaknesses of risk-adjusted the weighted average cost of capital? (MCQ)It is difficult to identify similar operating characteristics of other firms Estimates of beta are wholly accurate Betas may differ due to debt capital being risk-free It ignores earning a potential of the company (2 marks)Q11. Arco Co has an equity beta of 0.89 and it is being considered to be acquiring by Draco Co. Arco Co is financed by 79% equity and Draco Co is financed by 80% equity. Calculate the Risk-adjusted beta if the tax rate in the market is 30% up to two decimal places? (FIB)4521202667000Be (2 marks) Q12. What is the correct procedure for calculating risks adjusted the weighted average cost of capital? (P;D)Converting proxy asset beta into risk-adjusted beta using investing company capital structure 1Calculate the risk-adjusted weighted average cost of capital 2Converting proxy equity beta into asset beta 3Calculate the risk-adjusted cost of equity 4(2 marks) Q13. Tito ; Toto are identical in every respect apart from their capital structure. Tito has a debt: equity ratio of 1:4 and an equity beta of 1.6. Toto has a debt: equity ratio of 2:6. Corporation tax is 30%. What is an appropriate equity beta for Toto? (MCQ)2.563.934.224.51(2 marks)CAPITAL STRUCTURE (ANSWERS)Q1. The cost of equity is higher than the cost of debt ; WACC is inversely proportional to the market value are correct statements.An increase in the cost of equity leads to a decrease in share price rather than increasing the share price as WACC increases market value decreases, hence incorrect Debt is less risky as interest is always received but paid at last in an event of liquidation. In the event of liquidation banks are paid first as they are creditors with fixed charges, hence statement is incorrect. Q2. DThere must be no taxes as it's a perfect capital market (Correct)As the gearing level increases it's an indication of an increase in the cost of debt (Correct) When the cost of equity increases the effect is translated on to the gearing level of the company resulting in its decrease (Correct) The WACC will be at optimum when the market value of the company is at its lowest. The market value should be at its highest to make WACC at the optimum level which it is at the lowest, hence the statement is incorrect Q3. Manager Alpha TRADITIONAL THEORYManager Zeta MM THEORY(without Tax)Traditional theory states that WACC will be optimum when it's at the lowest pointMM (with Tax) states there is no need for a balance of equity and debt assuming 100% gearing is optimal MM (without Tax) states WACC is unaffected as the benefit received from debt cancels with the cost of equity Q4.Taxes are inapplicable PERFECT MARKET High chances of bankruptcy IMPERFECT MARKETBorrowing is up to a limited level IMPERFECT MARKET Q5.Agency Cost: Providers of debt finance are likely to impose restrictive covenants hence is a problem due to high gearing (Correct) Tax Exhaustion: As companies increase their gearing they may reach a certain point where there are not enough profits from which to obtain all available tax benefits hence is a problem due to high gearing (Correct)Differences in risk tolerance levels between shareholders and directors: The directors have high risk in the company rather than shareholders as they have well-diversified portfolios hence is a problem due to high gearing (Correct)No borrowing limits are specified: Restrictions are specified in the articles of association for company's ability to borrow hence the statement is not related to high gearing (Incorrect) Q6. WACC DECREASE Cost of Equity INCREASE Total market value INCREASE In a perfect capital market, the theories of Modigliani ; Miller on gearing apply Q7.Retained Earning 1Straight Debt 2Convertible Debt 3Preference Shares 4Equity Financing 5 Q8. All options are correct as under all circumstances the company can use its own weighted average cost of capital. Q9. B(A) De-gearing the equity beta of Eduardo Co Ba= 1.4 Ãâ€" 0.65 = 0.91Ke= 4 + (3 Ãâ€" 0.91) = 6.73%(B) De-gearing the equity beta of the new business gives Ba= [0.65 à · (0.65+0.35)] Ãâ€"1.9 = 1.235Ke= 4 + (3 Ãâ€" 1.235) = 7.71% (C) Using equity beta of Eduardo Co. Ke= 4 + (3 Ãâ€" 1.4) = 8.2%(D) Using the de-geared average equity beta Ke= 4 + (3 Ãâ€" 1.9) = 9.7% This means the new average equity beta for the new business area was not de-geared Q10. AIt is difficult to identify similar operating characteristics of other firms (Weakness) Estimates of beta are wholly inaccurate Betas may differ due to debt capital not being risk free It ignores earning potential of the company (Disadvantage of DVM) Q11. Be = 0.88Ba = [79 à · (79 + (21 Ãâ€" {1-30%})] Ãâ€" 0.89 = 0.750.75 = [80 à · (80 + (20 Ãâ€" {1-30%})] Ãâ€" Be Be = 0.88 Q12. Converting proxy equity beta into asset beta 1Converting proxy asset beta into risk-adjusted beta using investing company capital structure 2Calculate the risk-adjusted cost of equity 3Calculate risk-adjusted weighted average cost of capital 4 Q13. CBa = [4 à · (4 + (1 Ãâ€" {1-30%})] Ãâ€" 1.6 = 1.361.36 = [2 à · (2 + (6 Ãâ€" {1-30%})] Ãâ€" Be Be = 4.22

Art Report for Humanities essays

Art Report for Humanities essays The pictures physical qualities could be noticed more if you were to look at the painting inside the picture. The actual painting would bulge out towards your face. There are so many different events going on with in the painting. Scale - 24 inches wide and 32 inches tall. The pictures formal qualities pop out in many different ways. The paint that is used in presenting the painting seems to appear as oil paint. The shape really didnt strike my eye at all. I chose the artist not from his name, because of the art. I ignored the names and focused on the art the artist was showing to us. I had a larger variety to choose from. The whole gallery was open to me. The art falls under the curvinlinear v. rectilinear category of the shape standards. The line definition was a little confusing to understand. I dont feel that the art carried any particular line pattern. The painting as has two different halves. There is a top half and then there is a bottom half that could be mean a represent two different totally meanings but still make there own story. The were a lot of solid colors. There were pinks, yellows, blues, greens, browns, black, white, orange and purple. But then there are figures that have just black and white in them, like the horse rolling out of the waves. There is the woman in the center of the piece that dramatically centers in the whole piece. The porpoise is dark and seems to be trying to be sneaky. There are fish that look real and seem to be scattering like a school of fish would look like. The Volcano looks fake and almost looks like a cartoon. The waves are fake, colorful and hidden to the right side of the painting. And at the bottom right part of the painting there is a tortes that also seems incredible fake and childish. ...

Many Colleges Dont Require Students to Take Classes in Basic Areas

Many Colleges Don't Require Students to Take Classes in Basic Areas A report commissioned by the American Council of Trustees and Alumni (ACTA) reveals that colleges are not requiring students to take courses in several core areas. And as a result, these students are less prepared to be successful in life. The report, â€Å"What Will They Learn?† surveyed students in over 1,100 U.S. colleges and universities – public and private – and found that an alarming number of them were taking â€Å"lightweight† courses to satisfy general education requirements. The report also found the following about the colleges: 96.8% don’t require economics 87.3% don’t require an intermediate foreign language 81.0% don’t require a basic U.S. history or government 38.1% don’t require college-level math 65.0% don’t require literature The 7 Core Areas What are the core areas identified by ACTA that college students should take classes in – and why? Composition: writing-intensive classes that focus on grammar Literature: observant reading and reflection that develops critical thinking skills Foreign language: to understand different cultures U.S. Government or History: to be responsible, knowledgeable citizens Economics: to understand how resources are connected globally Mathematics: to gain numeracy skills applicable in the workplace and in life Natural Sciences: to develop skills in experimentation and observation   Even some of the most highly-rated and expensive schools are not requiring students to take classes in these core areas. For example, one school that charges almost $50,000 a year in tuition does not require students to take classes in any of the 7 core areas. In fact, the study notes that the schools that receive an â€Å"F† grade based on how many core classes they require charge 43% higher tuition rates than the schools that receive a grade of â€Å"A.† Core Deficiencies So what’s causing the shift? The report notes that some professors prefer to teach classes related to their particular research area. And as a result, students end up choosing from a wide-ranging selection of courses. For example, at one college, while students are not required to take U.S. History or U.S. Government, they have an Intercultural Domestic Studies requirement that may include such courses as â€Å"Rock ‘n’ Roll in Cinema.†   To fulfill the economics requirement, students at one school can take, â€Å"The Economics of Star Trek,† while â€Å"Pets in Society† qualifies as a Social Sciences requirement. At another school, students can take â€Å"Music in American Culture† or â€Å"America Through Baseball† to fulfill their requirements. At another college, English majors don’t have to take a class devoted to Shakespeare.   Some schools don’t have any core requirements at all. One school notes that it â€Å"does not impose a particular course or subject on all students.† On one hand, perhaps its commendable that some colleges are not forcing students to take certain classes. On the other hand, are freshmen really in a position to decide which courses would be most beneficial to them? According to the ACTA report, close to 80% of freshmen don’t know what they want to major in. And another study, by EAB, found that 75% of students will change majors before they graduate. Some critics advocate not letting students choose a major until their second year.   If students aren’t even sure what degree they plan to pursue, it might be unrealistic to expect them – especially as freshmen – to effectively gauge which core classes they need to be successful. Another problem is that schools don’t update their catalogs on a regular basis, and when students and their parents are trying to determine the requirements, they may not be viewing accurate information. Also, some colleges and universities don’t even list definite courses in same cases. Instead there is a vague introductory phrase â€Å"courses may include,† so the classes listed in the catalog may or may not be offered. However, the glaring lack of information gained from taking college-level core classes is evident. A Payscale survey asked managers to identify the skills that they thought college grads lack the most. Among the responses, writing skills are identified as the top skill missing in action among college grads. Public speaking skills are in second place. But both of these skills could be developed if students were required to take core courses. In other surveys, employers have lamented the fact that college graduates don’t have critical thinking, problem-solving, and analytical skills – all issues that would be addressed in a core curriculum. Other disturbing findings: 20% of students who graduated with a bachelor’s degree were unable to accurately calculate the costs of ordering office supplies, according to the National Survey of America’s College Students.   While schools, boards of trustees, and policy makers need to make the necessary adjustments to require a core curriculum, college students cannot wait for these changes. They (and their parents) must research schools as thoroughly as possible, and students must choose to take the classes they need instead of selecting lightweight courses.

Compare and Contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Compare and Contrast - Essay Example This means that; it is a poet’s place in society to act as an overseer, and point out the things that may be out of place. In the past, poets brought out the political injustices through satire. This art has extended to different fields. Also, poets have the ability to bring out different messages through the themes present in their poems. The themes offer them a chance to express what they might be feeling. As one of the oldest forms of art, poetry has its place in society as it gives individuals a chance to reinvent themselves, hence; be worthy in the eyes of society (Bloom 91). This paper will examine the theme brought out by two poets in their prime, and the comparisons and dissimilarities that occur in this theme. Walt Whitman and Federico Garcia are well-renowned poets who dedicated their skill to the world. During their era, a lot was happening in their immediate surroundings. They used their skill to communicate with individuals about what was happening to protect them , or assist them comprehend their situations. In, When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d, Whitman was bringing the world’s attention to the death of a great leader (Bloom 91). It was after the assassination of Lincoln that Whitman decided to write the poem, and bring out the theme of death. It was a poem of mourning where he mourned the passing of an icon. These poems are often described as elegies. It was pastoral elegy dedicated to the fallen hero, and all that he had done. In, Lament for Ignacio Sanchez Mejjas, Federico wrote about his beloved friend whom he cherished and adored (Arana 159). Federico mourned the passing of his friend through a long process of grief. The theme of death in both the poems is brought out in a traditional fashion by both poets. This is one similarity that stands out in both the poems. In Federico’s poem, he brings out the traditional aspect of the elegy. He brings the long process of grief through the poem about his departed acq uaintance. This symbolism takes precedence over the life and cultural traditions that accustom an honourable person in society. In Whitman’s poem, the traditional aspect is seen through the symbolism the poet puts in the fallen president. He uses the Western star to symbolise the fallen president, and a number of other symbolic features to represent the life of the star (Bloom 91). Both these deaths were of exemplary individuals; Lincoln in Whitman’s case, and Ignacio, the bullfighter, in Federico’s case. Another similarity that is brought out in these poems is the nature that surrounds the burial of the two dignified members of society. In Whitman’s poem, nature is said to have worn a sombre mood, â€Å"nature sympathizes with America’s grief†¦as the coffin makes its long journey from Washington to Springfield.† In Federico’s poem, he also resonates with the mood that was present at the burial of the fallen bullfighter, â€Å"t he room was iridescent with agony, at five in the afternoon.† It all comes down to what the poet wants the audience to feel. The sombre mood can be felt even as the audience may not have been present at the time of the burials (Arana 169). The experience that both poets have is seen through their ability to honour the dead. Musical elements are another similarity that both poets exhibit through their elegies. In Federico’s poem, he produces the image of bones and flutes resounding in the air (Arana 189). All these are elements that bring out an eerie feeling to whoever was watching the proceedings of the death of Ignacio. In Whitman’s poem, he reflects on the virtues of the lilacs and their magnificent presence. In many of American people’s gardens, the lilacs are flowers that are well known for their delicate

Pedagogics as a System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pedagogics as a System - Essay Example The teachers play an important role in achieving the desired knowledge as the teacher acts as the moderator and motivator so that the learners would be challenged to explore beyond what is expected. If I have my own personal website and I will be permitted to use it as an instructional module to teach my students, I will utilize it to ensure that a free flow of idea is achieved. The website instruction will not have the limitations of time unlike in the classroom. It should be noted that discussions made in the classroom are cut short thus the discourse is likewise abruptly concluded which impedes the free flow of ideas. The internet and this website will not pose such restrictions but rather everybody can contribute or give his own thoughts and ideas for academic discussion in his own time and pace. The website can also be a means to give essay homework, and be used as the mode of submission for the students. The website can equally be used to provide additional links to websites that will contribute to the discussion if not materials that can be used to provide alternative knowledge distinct from the ones provided by the school. With each student given a unique login ID and password combination to establish their identity, their grades can also be viewed conveniently and privately as well as their class standing. The website can also be a means to provide historical views of the discussion made by past classes on the same subject in order not to repeat the same point of view. There would also be instances where the position of current students can be stressed or supported by the discussions of the students in past classes. In this way, a more mature and intelligent discussion can be achieved since old arguments which have already been presented in the past will be limited thus the mind shall be challenged to offer new ideas and concepts for discourse.